Many people mistakenly believe all stinging insects perish after a single sting, a misconception often stemming from observations of honey bees. Hornets, however, can sting multiple times without fatal consequences. Their unique anatomy and biology clarify why hornets can repeatedly deploy their defense mechanism.
The Hornet’s Stinger: Design for Repeated Stings
A hornet’s stinger is designed for repeated use. This appendage, found only in female hornets, is smooth and needle-like, lacking the prominent barbs seen in honey bees. Its unbarbed structure allows the hornet to penetrate a target’s skin, inject venom, and then effortlessly withdraw the stinger without it becoming lodged. The stinger is connected to a venom gland, which continues to produce and deliver venom with each strike.
The Bee’s Stinger: A Barbed Difference
In contrast to hornets, the honey bee possesses a stinger with distinct barbs. These backward-pointing barbs function like tiny harpoons, designed to firmly anchor the stinger into the skin of a victim. When a honey bee stings, the barbs cause the stinger to become deeply embedded. As the bee attempts to pull away, the stinger, along with parts of its digestive tract, muscles, and venom sac, is torn from its body. This internal injury leads to the honey bee’s death shortly after stinging.
Why Hornets Don’t Die After Stinging
A hornet’s survival after stinging is directly linked to its unbarbed stinger. Because the stinger can be smoothly retracted from the target, it does not detach from the hornet’s body. This means the hornet’s vital internal organs remain intact, avoiding the fatal disembowelment experienced by honey bees. The ability to sting repeatedly offers a significant evolutionary advantage. As predators and defenders of their colony, this mechanism allows them to effectively neutralize threats or capture prey without sacrificing their own lives.
What to Do if Stung by a Hornet
If stung by a hornet, immediate action can manage the reaction. Since hornets do not leave their stingers embedded, there is no need to remove one. First, gently clean the affected area with soap and water to prevent infection. Applying a cold compress or ice pack to the sting site reduces pain and swelling. Over-the-counter pain relievers and antihistamines alleviate discomfort and itching.
Monitor for signs of an allergic reaction, which can range from widespread hives and swelling to more severe symptoms like difficulty breathing, dizziness, or a rapid pulse. Seek immediate medical attention if any signs of a severe allergic reaction, such as facial swelling or trouble swallowing, develop. Individuals with known insect sting allergies should carry an epinephrine auto-injector and use it as prescribed.