Honey bees can sting, though they are not aggressive insects. They sting primarily when they perceive a serious threat to themselves or their colony. These insects play a fundamental role in ecosystems as pollinators, contributing to plant reproduction. Understanding their defensive behaviors helps people coexist peacefully with them.
The Honey Bee’s Sting Mechanism
A honey bee’s sting is found only in female worker bees. Unlike other stinging insects, the honey bee’s stinger is barbed. When a honey bee stings a mammal, these barbs embed in the skin, making it difficult for the bee to withdraw.
The stinger is composed of a sharp stylus and two barbed lancets. When it penetrates the skin, muscles continue to pump venom from an attached sac into the wound. This ensures venom delivery persists even after the stinger detaches. Stinging also releases alarm pheromones that alert other bees to the perceived threat, potentially leading to further defensive actions.
What Happens After a Honey Bee Stings
When a honey bee stings a mammal, the barbed stinger, along with parts of its body, tears away. This injury, often called evisceration, results in the bee’s death shortly after the sting. This self-sacrificing act is unique among common stinging insects, as many other bees and wasps have smooth stingers allowing them to sting repeatedly.
For a human, a honey bee sting causes immediate, sharp, burning pain at the site. This is often followed by localized symptoms like redness, swelling, and itching, which can last for several days. While most reactions are mild, some individuals may experience a severe allergic reaction known as anaphylaxis. Symptoms include hives, difficulty breathing, swelling of the tongue or throat, lightheadedness, nausea, rapid pulse, and require immediate medical attention.
Should a sting occur, prompt removal of the stinger is advised, as the venom sac continues to pump venom into the skin. The stinger should be scraped away with a fingernail or credit card, not pinched with tweezers. After removal, clean the sting area with soap and water and apply a cold compress to reduce swelling and discomfort. Over-the-counter pain relievers or antihistamines may also manage pain and itching.
How to Minimize Sting Risk
To reduce the likelihood of a honey bee sting, remain calm and avoid sudden movements when bees are nearby. Swatting at bees can provoke them. Honey bees are often found near flowering plants, so exercise caution in gardens or areas with abundant blooms.
Wear light-colored, smooth fabrics and avoid strong perfumes, scented lotions, or brightly colored clothing. Bees may also be drawn to sweet drinks and uncovered food outdoors, so keep these items sealed or covered. Maintain a respectful distance from active beehives or swarms, as bees are most defensive when protecting their home.