The Highland cow is instantly recognizable by its long, flowing coat and impressive horns. Originating in the rugged Scottish Highlands, these cattle have adapted over centuries to thrive in harsh environments. The prominent horns are an iconic feature, leading many to wonder if this trait is exclusive to bulls. This article explores the presence and purpose of these striking appendages, answering whether female Highland cattle are also horned.
Horns on Female Highland Cattle
Both sexes of this ancient breed are naturally horned. Heifers (young females) and mature cows typically develop horns as they grow. All Highland cattle are born with small horn buds that begin to grow outward shortly after birth.
The horns of the female, while equally present, are generally distinct from those of the bull in their overall structure and appearance. They are typically narrower at the base where they emerge from the skull and tend to be longer and more slender toward the tips. This difference in mass and length contributes to the unique look of the female’s head.
Distinguishing Male and Female Horn Shapes
The most reliable way to visually distinguish a female from a male Highland based on their horns is by observing the trajectory and thickness. A female’s horns grow horizontally out from the head before sweeping gracefully upward, often forming a wide, crescent, or lyre shape. This elegant, upward curve contributes to a more majestic appearance.
In contrast, the horns of a mature bull are substantially thicker and more robust at the base, conveying a sense of sheer power. They tend to grow out horizontally from the head and then curve distinctly forward, often with a slight downward dip before the tips may turn up slightly. This forward-sweeping structure is influenced by the presence of testosterone in the intact male.
The difference in horn growth is so pronounced that even castrated males, known as steers, tend to develop horns more similar to the female pattern. Their horns grow longer and thinner, sweeping upward due to lower levels of the male hormone. This distinction highlights the hormonal influence on the final shape of the horns.
The Biological Role of Highland Horns
Beyond their visual appeal, the horns of Highland cattle serve several practical functions that have helped the breed survive in challenging climates. One primary use is for foraging during the winter months when snow covers the ground. The cattle use their horns like shovels to scrape away snow and ice, allowing them to reach the underlying grass and vegetation.
The horns also play an important role in the social dynamics of the herd, helping to establish a hierarchy among both males and females. While bulls use them for sparring to determine dominance and breeding rights, cows may use them in less aggressive ways to assert their rank within the maternal group. Furthermore, a cow with a calf may utilize her horns for defense against potential predators, ensuring the safety of her offspring.
Physiologically, horns are not dead bone but are living tissue connected to the animal’s sinus cavity and blood supply. This connection suggests they may play a subtle role in the cow’s overall physiology, potentially assisting with metabolism and digestion. The horns also provide a tool for grooming, allowing the cattle to reach and scratch itchy spots on their thick, double-layered coats.