Flowers, like all organic matter, decompose once separated from their living plant or when the plant dies. This process breaks down complex organic compounds into simpler substances, returning nutrients.
The Natural Process of Decomposition
Flower decomposition is a biological process driven by microbes. Bacteria and fungi act as primary decomposers, consuming the flower’s organic material. These microbes secrete enzymes that break down the plant’s cell walls and internal structures.
Microorganisms initially target simpler compounds like sugars and starches. Over time, they break down complex polymers such as cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, which provide structural integrity. As these components are dismantled, the flower loses rigidity, wilting, discoloring, and becoming mushy. This enzymatic breakdown liquefies tissues, releasing water, carbon dioxide, and inorganic nutrients.
Key Factors That Influence Rotting
Several factors influence flower decomposition. Moisture is essential for microbial growth and activity. High humidity and standing water provide an ideal environment for bacteria and fungi, accelerating tissue breakdown.
Warmer temperatures increase the metabolic rates of decomposer microorganisms. An optimal temperature range for these microbes is 20-35°C (68-95°F), where decomposition proceeds most rapidly. Conversely, very low temperatures inhibit microbial activity, slowing the rotting process.
Oxygen availability is another factor; most common decomposers are aerobic. Limited oxygen can slow decomposition or favor anaerobic bacteria. Initial health and existing damage also influence susceptibility to rot, as damaged tissues provide easier entry points for microorganisms.
Extending the Life of Cut Flowers
To extend the life of cut flowers, several measures can be employed. Immediately after cutting, re-cut stems under water at an angle to prevent air bubbles, which impede water uptake. Promptly placing flowers into water ensures hydration.
A commercial flower food solution is effective, containing sugar for nutrients, an acidifier to lower water pH, and a biocide to inhibit bacterial and fungal growth. Regularly changing the water every 1-2 days and re-cutting stems removes microbial buildup and provides fresh nutrients.
Keeping flowers away from direct sunlight, heat sources, and drafts reduces water loss, maintaining a cooler temperature that slows microbial activity. Removing any submerged foliage prevents leaf decomposition, which contaminates the water and creates a breeding ground for harmful bacteria. Avoid placing flowers near ripening fruits, as these release ethylene gas, a plant hormone that accelerates flower decay.