Dragonflies and their aquatic immature forms, known as nymphs, serve as a food source for various fish species. Both adult dragonflies and their nymphs inhabit environments closely associated with water bodies, placing them within the predatory reach of fish.
Dragonflies as a Food Source for Fish
Dragonflies are a valuable and calorie-dense food source for many fish because of their high protein and fat content. Their presence, whether as nymphs underwater or adults flying near the surface, makes them readily available prey. For example, some dragonfly species can contain between 45% to 76% protein by dry mass.
Dragonfly nymphs, in particular, spend extended periods underwater, often for one to three years depending on the species, making them a consistent food item. They are often found in the same habitats as fish, like weed beds and near the bottom of lakes and ponds. Adult dragonflies, while airborne, frequently interact with the water’s surface, becoming accessible prey.
How Fish Capture Dragonflies
Fish employ different strategies to capture dragonflies, depending on the dragonfly’s life stage and location. When adult dragonflies fly low over the water, land on the surface, or dip down to lay eggs, fish may engage in surface feeding. This often involves fish leaping out of the water to snatch airborne or surface-bound adults.
Underwater, fish actively hunt dragonfly nymphs. Nymphs, which are less mobile and often reside among aquatic vegetation or on the substrate, are ambushed by fish. Fish patrol these areas to detect and consume the camouflaged nymphs. They are often picked off when crawling along the bottom or during their vulnerable emergence process.
Dragonfly Life Stages as Prey
Dragonfly nymphs are a significant and consistent food source for many fish species throughout their aquatic development. These nymphs live submerged for most of their lives, making them continuously available to fish. Some nymph species are more susceptible to fish predation than others.
Adult dragonflies are generally less vulnerable to fish predation due to their aerial mobility. However, they become more susceptible during specific times, such as when they land on the water to lay eggs or during their emergence from their nymphal stage. The emergence period, when nymphs crawl out of the water to transform into adults, is particularly vulnerable as they are temporarily unable to fly or return to safety.