Many people wonder if figs truly contain dead wasps. This question delves into the unique natural history of figs and their pollinators. Understanding the biological processes involved clarifies the relationship between figs and wasps, addressing concerns about what might be inside this popular fruit.
The Unique Fig-Wasp Relationship
Figs are inverted flower structures called syconia, with hundreds of tiny flowers lining their inner surface. Many fig species require a specific pollinator: the fig wasp. This obligate mutualism has co-evolved over millions of years, with each of the approximately 750 fig species often relying on its own distinct wasp species for pollination.
The female fig wasp enters the fig through a small opening at its base called the ostiole. This entry often causes the wasp to lose her wings and antennae. Once inside, she pollinates female flowers while laying her eggs. The fig provides a protected environment for the wasp’s offspring, while the wasp ensures the fig’s reproduction by transferring pollen.
The Fate of the Fig Wasp
Once the female wasp has completed pollination and egg-laying, she dies inside the fig. Her adult lifespan is very short, often only a day or two. The fig then begins breaking down the wasp’s body.
Figs produce an enzyme called ficin, which effectively digests the wasp’s exoskeleton and body. By the time the fig ripens, the wasp’s body is almost entirely absorbed and converted into nutrients for the developing fig. Its physical remains are typically undetectable in a ripe fig.
Different Fig Types
Not all fig varieties depend on wasps for pollination. Common fig varieties, such as Black Mission, Brown Turkey, Kadota, and Celeste, are parthenocarpic. This means they can develop fruit without pollination or the involvement of fig wasps.
In contrast, varieties like Smyrna or Calimyrna figs require pollination by the fig wasp, Blastophaga psenes. These figs will not fully develop or ripen without the wasp’s activity. Most figs sold commercially are common, parthenocarpic varieties, meaning they do not contain wasps.
Are Figs Safe to Eat?
Figs are considered safe to eat. Even in varieties that rely on fig wasps for pollination, the wasp’s body is broken down by the fig’s natural enzymes during ripening. This ensures no discernible wasp parts remain by the time the fig is consumed.
The “crunch” sometimes perceived when eating a fig comes from its numerous small seeds, not from insect remains. Figs are a nutritious and healthy food, and their unique pollination method does not pose a safety concern for consumers.