Uterine fibroids are common, non-cancerous growths that develop within or on the uterus. Composed of muscle and fibrous tissue, they vary widely in size, from microscopic to as large as a melon. While many individuals with fibroids experience no symptoms, these growths can lead to various types of bleeding.
Types of Bleeding Associated with Fibroids
Fibroids can cause various bleeding abnormalities. Heavy menstrual bleeding is a frequent symptom, as are prolonged periods lasting more than seven days. Fibroids can also lead to intermenstrual bleeding, which is spotting or bleeding between regular menstrual cycles. Less commonly, some individuals experience bleeding after sexual intercourse. The severity and type of bleeding depend on the fibroid’s location, size, and number.
Why Fibroids Cause Bleeding
Fibroid-related bleeding involves several factors. Submucosal fibroids, located just beneath the uterine lining, are particularly prone to causing significant bleeding. They can protrude into the uterine cavity, increasing the endometrium’s surface area. Large or multiple fibroids can also distort the uterine cavity, increasing the bleeding surface.
Fibroids can interfere with the uterus’s ability to contract effectively. Uterine contractions help control menstrual flow, but fibroids disrupt these actions, leading to prolonged bleeding. Fibroids may also promote the development of additional blood vessels, increasing overall blood flow and contributing to heavier periods. Hormonal changes and elevated levels of substances like prostaglandins within the uterus also play a role in irregular bleeding.
Other Common Symptoms of Fibroids
While bleeding is a prominent symptom, uterine fibroids can cause other symptoms. Many individuals experience pelvic pressure or pain, ranging from discomfort to a feeling of fullness or heaviness in the lower abdomen. This pressure can cause abdominal distention, making the abdomen appear larger.
Fibroids can also press on nearby organs, leading to frequent urination (if pressing on the bladder) or constipation (if pressing on the rectum). They may cause lower back pain or leg pain, especially if large and compressing nerves or blood vessels. Pain during sexual intercourse is another reported symptom.
When to Consult a Doctor
Consult a healthcare professional if you experience heavy, prolonged, or irregular vaginal bleeding. Specifically, seek medical evaluation if you are soaking through one or more sanitary pads or tampons every hour for several consecutive hours, or if your periods last longer than seven days. Persistent tiredness, weakness, or dizziness, which can be signs of anemia caused by excessive blood loss, also warrant medical attention. A healthcare provider can diagnose fibroids and determine the appropriate course of action, as these symptoms can also indicate other gynecological conditions.