The walrus (Odobenus rosmarus) is an instantly recognizable Arctic marine mammal, known for its immense body size, distinctive whiskered muzzle, and, most notably, its long, downward-pointing tusks. These massive ivory teeth define the creature, but they are often associated only with the powerful males. The animal’s genus name, Odobenus, translates to “tooth-walker,” reflecting the species’ dependence on this remarkable dental feature.
The Direct Answer: Tusk Presence in Both Sexes
Female walruses, known as cows, do possess tusks, dispelling the common misconception that this trait is exclusive to males. The tusks are elongated upper canine teeth that begin to emerge during a calf’s first summer or fall and continue to grow throughout its lifespan. The development of these ivory canines in both sexes suggests they serve functions beyond simple sexual display or competition. Walruses generally have about 18 teeth in total, with the two tusks being the most pronounced.
Distinguishing Features of Male and Female Tusks
While both sexes possess tusks, morphological differences allow observers to distinguish between males and females. Male tusks are generally thicker, stouter, and slightly longer, reaching up to 100 cm (39 inches), while female tusks typically max out around 80 cm (31.5 inches). Girth is the most reliable distinguishing factor, as male tusks are substantially thicker, even when overall length is similar.
Male tusks also tend to be straighter and more divergent in their angle from the snout. Female tusks are often more slender and may exhibit a slight inward curvature. The greater size and robustness of the male tusks are related to their role in the aggressive social behavior of the breeding season.
Essential Functions of Walrus Tusks
The presence of tusks in both sexes underscores their importance for survival and daily activity in the Arctic environment. One primary function is locomotion and stability when hauling out onto ice floes or rocky shores. Walruses use their tusks to hook onto the ice or land, pulling their massive bodies out of the water. They are also used to create and maintain breathing holes by breaking through thin layers of sea ice.
Tusks also play a significant role in social interactions and defense. Males use their larger tusks for establishing dominance and fighting during the rutting season, with larger tusks often correlating to higher social status. Females use their tusks for defense against predators like polar bears and to jostle for better positions within crowded haulout sites. While walruses primarily eat clams and mollusks, their sensitive vibrissae are the main tools for locating prey. The tusks can sometimes be used to plow the seabed to unearth benthic organisms.