Many people associate antlers exclusively with male deer. This common perception holds true for most deer species, where only the males develop these bony structures. However, nature often presents intriguing exceptions to general rules, and one such example is found within the species known as reindeer.
The Unique Case of Female Reindeer Antlers
Reindeer, also known as caribou in North America, stand out among deer species because both males and females grow antlers. This characteristic is uncommon in the deer family, as typically only males possess antlers. The presence of antlers on female reindeer is a distinctive trait that often surprises those unfamiliar with these Arctic dwellers. This shared antler growth highlights a unique biological adaptation within the species.
The Antler Growth and Shedding Cycle
Female reindeer follow a specific timeline for their antler growth and shedding. Antler growth for females typically begins in May, a few weeks after male reindeer start growing theirs in February or March. These antlers grow rapidly, and are covered in a soft, vascularized tissue known as velvet during their development. This velvet supplies nutrients to the growing bone.
Unlike males, who usually shed their antlers in late fall or early winter after the mating season, female reindeer retain their antlers through the winter months. They typically shed their antlers in the spring, around April or May, after giving birth to their calves. This difference in shedding cycles means that during the deepest parts of winter, any reindeer observed with antlers is most likely a female.
The Purpose Behind Female Reindeer Antlers
Female reindeer possess antlers for practical reasons related to their survival in challenging Arctic environments. One primary function is to help them access food. They use their antlers to dig through snow, a behavior called cratering, to reach buried lichens and other vegetation when food is scarce. This ability to uncover sustenance is important for pregnant females, who require consistent nutrition.
Antlers also play a role in establishing social order within the herd. Females with larger antlers tend to be more dominant, allowing them to secure better access to limited feeding grounds. This dominance is especially important for pregnant females, ensuring they can obtain the nourishment needed for themselves and their developing offspring. The antlers can also offer a means of defense against predators, when protecting young calves.
Distinguishing Reindeer Sexes by Antlers
While both male and female reindeer grow antlers, there are noticeable differences that can help distinguish the sexes. Male reindeer generally develop much larger and heavier antlers, which can reach lengths of up to 50 inches, often with more complex branching. In contrast, female antlers are typically smaller, 9 to 20 inches in length, and tend to have a less elaborate structure.
A key indicator for differentiating sexes is the seasonal presence of antlers. Male reindeer shed their antlers in late fall, typically by November or December, after the breeding season. This means that during the core winter months, from December through April, any reindeer sporting antlers is almost certainly a female.