Female musk deer do not possess the prominent, protruding canine teeth seen in males. Musk deer (Moschus) are small, deer-like ungulates known primarily for the striking dental anatomy of the male, which features elongated upper canines often referred to as tusks or fangs. This anatomical difference between the sexes is a classic example of sexual dimorphism, where males and females of a species exhibit distinct characteristics beyond their sexual organs. The presence of these tusks defines the species more than any other feature.
Defining the Musk Deer
Musk deer belong to the family Moschidae and are not considered true deer, which are classified in the family Cervidae. They are small, stocky mammals found predominantly in the mountainous, forested regions of Asia, including the Himalayas and Siberia.
These creatures typically weigh between 7 and 17 kilograms and stand about 50 to 70 centimeters high at the shoulder. A distinctive aspect of their appearance is the asymmetry of their limbs, as the hind legs are longer than the forelegs, giving them a sloped back and a gait characterized by powerful jumps. Unlike true deer, musk deer lack antlers. Adult males also possess a musk gland, which produces a highly aromatic secretion used for chemical communication.
The Sexual Dimorphism of Tusks
The prominent “fangs” are highly specialized upper canine teeth that grow continuously and extend downward from the male’s mouth. These teeth can reach lengths of up to 10 centimeters in mature males, curving back slightly to give them a saber-like appearance. The tusks are rootless, meaning they are constantly growing and sharpening through use, though they are prone to breaking.
In contrast, the female musk deer possesses upper canine teeth that are very small, non-protruding, or completely hidden within the mouth. While both sexes possess these teeth, the massive elongation is a trait exclusive to the male, serving as a secondary sexual characteristic. This difference in dental anatomy is a clear biological marker distinguishing the sexes.
Ecological Role of Male Tusks
The development of specialized teeth in males is directly linked to the species’ reproductive strategy. Musk deer are solitary animals that maintain defined territories, and the tusks are not used for feeding or defense against predators. Instead, their function is limited to male-on-male competition during the rutting season, which generally occurs in the winter months.
When rival males encounter one another, they use these sharp, downward-curving canines as weapons in ritualized and sometimes violent combat. The males will rear up and slash at each other, aiming to establish dominance and secure exclusive access to females in their territory. The size and strength of the tusks are thought to be indicators of a male’s fitness, which helps determine the winner of these territorial disputes.