The Texas Longhorn cattle breed is widely recognized for its distinctive, impressive horns, which have become an iconic symbol of the American West. These animals are known for their resilience and adaptability, thriving in various environments. Their striking appearance, particularly the horns, sets them apart from many other cattle breeds.
Horns on Both Sexes
Both male and female Texas Longhorn cattle grow horns, a defining characteristic of the breed. Calves begin to sprout horns at around three weeks old. While both sexes develop horns, their size and shape can differ notably.
Female Longhorn cows often have horns that are more slender and can achieve a wider spread or more dramatic twists and curls compared to bull horns. Bulls, though possessing broad heads and muscular bodies, generally have horns of moderate length, sometimes shorter than those of mature cows or steers. Females can achieve significant horn growth.
How Longhorn Horns Grow
Texas Longhorn horns grow continuously throughout the animal’s life, with the most rapid growth occurring in their younger years before slowing with age. For cows, about 43% of their horn length is achieved within their first year, and 66% by two years of age. Bulls typically reach about 50% of their eventual horn length by one year and 95% by four years old.
Horns consist of a bony core covered by a layer of keratin, the same fibrous protein found in human fingernails and hair. This keratinous sheath forms in laminated layers over the bone, and the horn itself is a permanent projection that fuses to the skull’s frontal bone. The shape, length, and spread of horns are highly variable among individuals, influenced by genetics and age.
Why Longhorns Have Horns
The horns of Texas Longhorn cattle serve several natural functions. They provide a natural defense mechanism against predators. When threatened, longhorns instinctively lower their heads, presenting their horns outward. Cows also use their horns to protect their calves.
Beyond defense, horns play a role in social interactions and establishing dominance within the herd. Bulls may engage in sparring matches to assert their position, and both cows and bulls use their horns to maintain order and assert their place when moving or feeding. Horns can also assist in foraging, helping cattle uncover roots or plants, and may contribute to temperature regulation by aiding in heat dissipation.