Elk possess unique dental structures often referred to as “ivories.” While these small, rounded teeth are prized, they are not true ivory in the same biological or legal context as elephant ivory. Understanding the distinction involves delving into their anatomical origin and evolutionary history, revealing that these features are remnants of a past where they served a different purpose.
Understanding Elk Ivories
Elk ivories are their upper canine teeth, located on each side of the upper jaw. These structures are technically known as vestigial canines, meaning they are remnants of a more developed form from ancestral species. Both male and female elk possess these ivories, though those of bull elk are generally larger and more prominent, measuring approximately 0.5 to 1.5 inches in length, while cow elk ivories are usually smaller, around 0.25 to 1 inch.
The composition of elk ivories includes dentine and enamel. This differs from elephant tusks, which are elongated incisor teeth that grow continuously and are primarily composed of dentine. While some sources colloquially refer to elk ivories as “real ivory” due to their similar material composition to other forms of ivory, they are distinct from elephant ivory. Calves are born with small “baby ivories” that emerge fully during their first winter before being replaced by permanent canines.
The Role of Elk Ivories
Elk ivories are largely considered vestigial in modern elk, having lost most of their original function. Their prehistoric ancestors possessed larger tusks that likely served for self-defense against predators and in dominance displays during the mating season. As elk evolved, their antlers grew larger and became the primary tools for defense and establishing dominance, leading to the reduction of the canines to their current size. Despite their diminished size, modern elk may still curl their upper lip to expose their ivories in a “sneer” as a threat posture, a behavior reminiscent of their tusked ancestors.
Beyond their biological history, elk ivories hold significant cultural and historical importance. For centuries, various Indigenous peoples highly valued these teeth, incorporating them into jewelry, ceremonial artifacts, and clothing, where they symbolized wealth, prestige, strength, and good luck. Hunters today often collect elk ivories as cherished trophies, representing a successful hunt and a way to honor the animal. These ivories are also used in custom jewelry. Unlike elephant ivory, which faces strict international trade bans due to conservation efforts, elk ivories are generally legal to possess and trade.