Elk, members of the deer family, are known for their impressive antlers. These bony structures are almost exclusively found on male elk, known as bulls. This annual growth cycle plays a significant role in their natural behaviors.
Elk Antlers: Who Has Them and What Are They?
Antlers are true bone, growing directly from bony protrusions on the skull called pedicles. This composition of solid bone differentiates antlers from horns, which are permanent structures made of keratin (similar to fingernails) that grow over a bony core and are not shed annually. While uncommon, female elk can, in rare instances, grow small or atypical antlers, often due to hormonal imbalances or genetic factors.
A set of antlers on a mature bull elk can weigh up to 40 pounds. The size and complexity of these bony growths are influenced by factors such as age, genetics, nutrition, and overall health of the animal.
The Annual Antler Cycle
Elk undergo an annual cycle of antler growth and shedding. Bulls typically shed their antlers in late winter or early spring, between February and April, with older bulls often shedding earlier. Once shed, new antlers begin to grow almost immediately from the pedicles. This regrowth is one of the fastest bone growth processes in the animal kingdom, with elk antlers capable of growing up to one inch per day during their peak phase.
During rapid growth, antlers are covered by a soft, fuzzy skin called “velvet”. This velvet is rich in blood vessels and nerves, supplying oxygen and nutrients for the bone to develop and expand. As antlers reach full size by late summer or early fall, the velvet dries and peels away. Bulls rub their antlers on trees and brush to remove the remaining velvet, revealing the hardened bone underneath.
Why Antlers Are Important for Elk
Antlers serve important functions for bull elk, primarily in reproduction and social hierarchy. During the rut, or mating season, antlers are used in male competition to establish dominance and secure breeding rights. Bulls engage in sparring matches, locking antlers and pushing each other to demonstrate strength and determine hierarchy. These contests, though sometimes intense, often establish dominance without serious injury.
Antlers also serve as a visual display, signaling a bull’s health and genetic fitness to potential mates. Female elk often prefer males with larger, more symmetrical antlers, as these indicate a healthier and more capable individual. Bulls may also rub their antlers on vegetation to scent mark or adorn them with plant material to appear larger. While their primary role is in competition, antlers can also provide some defense against predators.