Male elephants possess testicles, which are fully functional and central to their reproduction and behavior. Unlike most mammals, however, their testicles are not externally visible.
The Unique Internal Placement
Unlike most mammals, including humans, male elephant testicles are located internally within the abdominal cavity, positioned near the kidneys. This undescended arrangement deviates from most placental mammals, which typically have scrotal testicles to maintain a cooler temperature for sperm production.
This internal placement is shared with other Afrotheria superorder members like manatees and hyraxes, suggesting an ancient evolutionary origin. One hypothesis links this to aquatic ancestry, as many aquatic mammals also have internal testicles to avoid extreme cold. Another theory suggests that an elephant’s large body mass and warm environment sufficiently regulate internal body temperature for spermatogenesis, making an external scrotum unnecessary.
Beyond Location: Function and Purpose
Despite their hidden location, elephant testicles perform the same fundamental functions as those in other mammals: producing sperm (spermatogenesis) and hormones, primarily testosterone. An elephant’s internal body temperature, averaging 36.8°C (98.2°F), is conducive to healthy sperm development. While many other mammals require cooler temperatures for sperm production, elephants have evolved mechanisms to ensure viable sperm production even at these internal temperatures.
These internal organs are fully functional and crucial for the male elephant’s reproductive success. The testosterone produced influences fertility, physical development, and various behaviors. This hormonal output drives physiological and behavioral changes observed in male elephants, particularly during their breeding cycles.
Musth: The Hormonal Influence on Behavior
The internal testicles of male elephants are directly responsible for the dramatic hormonal shifts characterizing “musth.” This periodic condition in bull elephants involves a significant increase in reproductive hormones, leading to heightened aggression and sexual activity. During musth, testosterone levels can be 60 to 140 times greater than normal, transforming the elephant’s behavior and physiology.
Physical indicators of musth include secretions from the temporal glands, located between the eyes and ears, which release an oily, tar-like substance called temporin. Elephants in musth also often exhibit a constant trickle of urine down their hind legs, carrying a strong, distinct odor detectable over long distances. Behaviorally, musth bulls become more restless, energetic, and unpredictable, often displaying increased aggression towards other elephants and even humans. This state is linked to establishing dominance and increasing mating opportunities.