Cannabis edibles are food or drink products infused with cannabinoids, chemical compounds found in the cannabis plant. They offer an alternative way to consume cannabis compared to smoking or vaping. This article explores how edibles are processed by the body and their potential influence on cardiovascular function, particularly their impact on blood pressure.
How Edibles Interact with the Body
When cannabis is consumed as an edible, it undergoes a distinct metabolic process compared to inhaled forms. After ingestion, cannabinoids, including delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), travel through the digestive system. They are absorbed into the bloodstream and transported to the liver for metabolism. This route, known as “first-pass metabolism,” involves liver enzymes converting THC into a different compound.
In the liver, delta-9-THC converts into 11-hydroxy-THC (11-OH-THC). This metabolite is more potent and efficiently crosses the blood-brain barrier than delta-9-THC. This explains why edible effects are delayed, often taking 30 minutes to two hours to begin, and can last for several hours, up to 12 hours. In contrast, inhaled cannabis produces effects within minutes, lasting a shorter duration.
Impact on Blood Pressure
Cannabinoids, primarily THC, can influence the cardiovascular system, including blood pressure. Following cannabis consumption, whether inhaled or ingested, there can be a temporary increase in heart rate and blood pressure. This response is attributed to THC activating the sympathetic nervous system, which governs the body’s “fight or flight” response. This elevation can increase the heart’s oxygen demand.
The effect of cannabis on blood pressure can also be biphasic, initially causing a transient drop due to vasodilation, a widening of blood vessels. After this initial phase, particularly with higher doses or in individuals with lower tolerance, blood pressure may then increase. Research indicates that daily cannabis use, irrespective of consumption method, is associated with a higher risk of cardiovascular events like heart attack and stroke.
The non-intoxicating cannabinoid, cannabidiol (CBD), found alongside THC, may modulate some cardiovascular effects. CBD has shown properties that could counteract THC’s influence on inflammation and impact blood pressure. The precise role and extent of CBD’s moderating effects on THC’s cardiovascular impact require further research. The balance between THC and CBD in an edible can influence the overall physiological response.
Factors Affecting the Cardiovascular Response
An individual’s cardiovascular response to edibles is not uniform and is influenced by several factors. THC dosage is a key determinant; higher doses are more likely to elicit a pronounced increase in heart rate and blood pressure. Personal tolerance also plays a role, with accustomed individuals potentially experiencing less drastic changes than novice users.
Pre-existing medical conditions, particularly cardiovascular issues like hypertension or heart disease, can alter how edibles affect the body. Individuals with such conditions may be more susceptible to adverse cardiovascular effects. Concurrent use of other medications, especially those affecting blood pressure or heart rate, can lead to unpredictable interactions. The presence of other substances, such as alcohol, can also modify the body’s response, potentially exacerbating cardiovascular strain.
Metabolism rates vary among individuals, influencing how quickly and intensely edibles are processed. A faster metabolism may lead to quicker onset but potentially shorter duration of effects, while a slower metabolism could result in delayed but more prolonged and intense effects. Diet and whether edibles are consumed on an empty or full stomach can also impact absorption rates and the subsequent cardiovascular response.
What to Know Before Consuming Edibles
For those considering edibles, especially with cardiovascular health in mind, a cautious approach is advisable. Begin with a low THC dose, no more than 2.5 milligrams, and allow ample time for effects to manifest. The delayed onset means it can take up to two hours for full effects to be felt, so patience is important to avoid overconsumption.
Avoid combining edibles with other substances, such as alcohol, as this can amplify effects and increase cardiovascular strain. Individuals with pre-existing heart conditions, high blood pressure, or those taking medications for these conditions should exercise extreme caution. These health factors can significantly alter the body’s response to cannabinoids.
Consulting a healthcare professional before consuming edibles is a prudent step, particularly for individuals with underlying medical conditions or those on prescription medications. A medical professional can provide personalized advice, assess potential risks, and discuss possible interactions between edibles and current health treatments. Prioritizing informed decision-making can help minimize potential adverse health outcomes.