Lyme disease is a bacterial infection spread to humans through the bite of infected ticks. While deer are frequently associated with ticks, a common misunderstanding exists regarding their direct involvement in the disease itself. Deer do not typically contract Lyme disease, nor do they serve as a reservoir for the bacteria that cause it.
Do Deer Get Infected with Lyme Disease?
White-tailed deer can be exposed to the bacteria Borrelia burgdorferi, which causes Lyme disease. While they may test positive for antibodies, deer generally do not develop the clinical symptoms of Lyme disease.
The blood serum of white-tailed deer effectively kills the Borrelia burgdorferi bacteria. This innate immune response prevents long-term infection. Consequently, deer are considered “noncompetent reservoirs” for the Lyme disease pathogen, meaning they cannot efficiently harbor and transmit the bacteria to feeding ticks.
Deer’s Role in the Lyme Disease Cycle
Despite their resistance to the illness, deer play a significant role in the life cycle of the black-legged tick (Ixodes scapularis). These ticks are the primary vectors responsible for transmitting Lyme disease. Adult black-legged ticks rely on deer for blood meals, which are essential for their reproduction.
Female adult ticks, after feeding on deer, drop off and lay thousands of eggs in the environment, often in leaf litter. This process directly contributes to the overall population size of ticks in an area.
The actual reservoirs for Borrelia burgdorferi are typically small mammals and birds, such as white-footed mice, chipmunks, and shrews. Larval and nymphal ticks acquire the bacteria when feeding on these infected small hosts. When these infected nymphal or adult ticks later bite humans, they can transmit the disease.
Protecting Yourself from Lyme Disease
Humans contract Lyme disease primarily through the bite of an infected black-legged tick. These ticks are commonly found in wooded, brushy, and grassy areas. The tick typically needs to be attached for at least 36 to 48 hours for the bacteria to transmit.
To reduce the risk of tick bites, it is advisable to take precautions when outdoors in tick habitats. Wearing long pants tucked into socks and long-sleeved shirts can create a physical barrier against ticks. Using insect repellents containing DEET can also offer protection.
After spending time outdoors, it is important to perform a thorough tick check on yourself, children, and pets. If a tick is found, it should be removed promptly using fine-tipped tweezers, grasping the tick as close to the skin as possible and pulling steadily upwards. Cleaning the bite area with antiseptic or soap and water afterwards is also recommended.