Crane flies, with their long legs and large bodies, often spark questions about whether they bite or carry diseases. Despite their intimidating size, these insects are generally harmless. This article clarifies common misconceptions.
What Are Crane Flies?
Crane flies belong to the insect family Tipulidae, with over 15,000 described species globally. They are often called “mosquito hawks,” “skeeter-eaters,” or “daddy long-legs.” These insects have slender bodies, long, delicate legs, and large, membranous wings, resembling oversized mosquitoes. However, crane flies are distinct from mosquitoes and pose no threat to humans. Their body length typically ranges from 0.5 to 0.8 inches, though some species, like the giant western crane fly, can reach up to 1.4 inches, excluding their legs.
Do Crane Flies Bite or Transmit Diseases?
A common misconception is that crane flies bite or transmit diseases. Adult crane flies do not bite humans or animals. Their mouthparts are not developed for biting or drawing blood. Many adult species have greatly reduced or non-functional mouthparts, and those that do feed consume only nectar or water.
Because adult crane flies do not bite, they are unable to transmit diseases to humans or other animals. Female crane flies possess a pointed abdomen, known as an ovipositor, used solely for laying eggs in moist soil and not as a stinger. Despite their size and appearance, crane flies are harmless and pose no medical threat.
The Role of Crane Flies in Nature
Adult crane flies have a very short lifespan, typically one to three days. During this brief adult stage, their primary purpose is reproduction. Many species do not feed at all, or if they do, they consume only nectar or water.
The larval stage, known as “leatherjackets” due to their tough skin, plays a more active role in the ecosystem. These larvae primarily feed on decaying organic matter in soil, contributing to decomposition and nutrient cycling. Some crane fly larvae may occasionally feed on plant roots, which can sometimes cause minor damage to lawns or turf, especially in large concentrations. Both adult and larval crane flies serve as a food source for various animals, including birds, bats, spiders, and other insects, making them an important part of the food chain.