A cracked nail, also known as onychoschizia or brittle nails, occurs when the nail plate develops splits, breaks, or peels. These cracks can appear horizontally across the nail tip or vertically, sometimes splitting the nail in two. Cracked nails are a common concern that can cause discomfort.
Understanding Nail Growth and Healing
A new, healthy nail grows from the nail matrix, pushing the damaged part forward until it can be trimmed away. The nail matrix, located under the skin at the base of the nail, generates new nail cells. This process of replacement is how nails “heal.”
Fingernails grow at a rate of 0.1 mm per day, meaning complete regrowth can take four to six months. Toenails, however, grow more slowly, requiring up to 18 months. While most nails will regrow normally, severe injury to the nail matrix can affect the new nail’s appearance, potentially causing changes like altered thickness, ridges, or discoloration.
Common Reasons for Cracked Nails
Various factors contribute to cracked nails. Physical trauma, such as impacts, crushing injuries, or repetitive actions, can directly damage the nail plate, leading to cracks or splits.
Environmental factors, such as frequent exposure to water, harsh chemicals, or very dry air, can weaken the nail’s structure. Certain nutritional deficiencies, particularly in iron, proteins, and B vitamins, can impair the body’s ability to build strong, healthy nails. Underlying health conditions like fungal infections, psoriasis, or thyroid disorders can cause nail changes, including cracking.
Managing and Preventing Cracked Nails
Managing an existing cracked nail involves several steps. For minor cracks, gently filing down rough edges can prevent snagging, and protecting the area with a bandage or specialized nail glue can offer support while the nail grows out. If the crack extends into the nail bed, medical attention may be needed.
Regular moisturization is beneficial for both nails and cuticles, helping to prevent dryness that can lead to brittleness. Products containing proteins, occlusives, and humectants can enhance moisture retention. Protecting nails from harsh chemicals by wearing gloves during household chores, using acetone-free nail polish removers, and avoiding the use of nails as tools is also important. Maintaining a balanced diet with adequate hydration supports overall nail health. If cracking persists, worsens, or is accompanied by pain, discoloration, or signs of infection, seeking advice from a healthcare provider is advisable.