Coyotes are present in Maryland, with established populations across the state. These adaptable canids, once associated with western North America, have successfully expanded their range eastward, now making Maryland their home. They are widespread, found in rural, suburban, and even urban fringe areas. This article explores how coyotes came to Maryland, where they live, and practical ways for residents to coexist with them.
The Coyote’s Journey to Maryland
Coyotes were historically found in western North America, west of the Mississippi River. Their eastward expansion began in the early 20th century, aided by environmental changes and reduced larger predators. Human development altered landscapes, converting forests to agricultural lands and removing wolves and mountain lions, which created new opportunities for coyotes to spread.
Maryland and Delaware were among the last eastern U.S. states to be colonized by coyotes. The first documented sightings in Maryland occurred in 1972, reported in Cecil, Frederick, and Washington counties. Since then, their populations have expanded, leading to their current statewide distribution. This expansion was not due to human introduction but a natural ecological range shift.
Where and How They Live in Maryland
Coyotes are adaptable and inhabit all 23 Maryland counties and Baltimore City, thriving in diverse environments. Their highest densities are found in intermixed woodland and farmland, but they also occupy suburban corridors and urban fringes. They utilize various habitats, from mountains to marshes, highlighting their flexibility.
They are opportunistic omnivores, with diets varying based on seasonal and local availability. Their food sources include small mammals like mice and rabbits, birds, insects, fruits, and carrion. In more populated areas, they may also consume pet food and garbage. Coyotes are most active at night and early morning, though they can be seen during the day. They live in family units, and while they may form loosely organized groups, their social structure is less stable than that of wolves.
Living with Coyotes in Maryland
Coexisting with coyotes involves understanding their behavior and taking measures to minimize conflicts. Coyotes avoid humans, but they can become accustomed to people if food sources are available. Never intentionally feed coyotes or leave food outdoors, including pet food, as this can attract them and lead to habituation. Securing garbage in sturdy, lidded containers and managing compost in enclosed bins helps prevent attraction.
Protecting pets is important for coexistence. Keep small pets supervised when outdoors, even during daylight hours, and consider keeping cats indoors. When walking dogs, always use a leash, especially during dawn and dusk when coyotes are most active. Fencing can be effective, with fences at least six feet high and extending two feet underground to deter digging.
If a coyote does not immediately retreat, “hazing” techniques can reinforce their natural fear of humans. This involves making yourself appear large by waving your arms, yelling loudly, or using noisemakers like whistles or air horns. You can throw small objects near, but not directly at, the coyote. Continue hazing until the coyote leaves the area, and never run away from an approaching coyote.