Chiggers are tiny arachnids, specifically the larval stage of a mite, known for causing intensely itchy red welts on human skin, particularly during warmer months. Understanding these pests can help reduce outdoor discomfort.
What Chiggers Are
Chiggers are not insects; they are arachnids, making them relatives of spiders and ticks. Only the six-legged larval stage of the mite feeds on humans and animals. These larvae are extremely small, typically measuring between 1/100 and 1/150 inch, making them almost invisible to the naked eye. They appear reddish or yellowish when viewed under magnification.
Chiggers do not bite in the traditional sense, nor do they burrow under the skin as is a common misconception. Instead, they attach to the skin, often in areas where clothing is tight or skin is thin. Once attached, they inject digestive enzymes that break down skin cells, which they then consume through a hardened tube called a stylostome. This feeding process causes the characteristic itchy reaction.
Chigger Habitats
Chiggers do not live in trees or fall from them, contrary to a widespread belief. Instead, they reside low to the ground, typically no higher than 12 to 18 inches. They actively seek habitats that offer warmth and humidity.
Their preferred environments include dense vegetation, tall grasses, and weeds. They are also found in overgrown fields, wooded areas with leaf litter, and moist, shady locations, such as along streams and rivers. Chiggers are most active in temperatures ranging from 77°F to 86°F. They transfer to a host when a person or animal brushes past vegetation where they are waiting, typically on the tips of grass blades or leaves.
Avoiding Chigger Bites
Preventing chigger bites involves strategies focused on avoiding their known habitats and creating effective barriers. When venturing into areas where chiggers are prevalent, such as tall grass or wooded environments, wearing protective clothing can significantly reduce exposure. This includes long-sleeved shirts, long pants tucked into socks or boots, and ensuring cuffs are fastened. Loose-fitting, tightly woven fabrics offer better protection by minimizing chiggers’ ability to move through clothing.
Using insect repellents containing DEET or permethrin provides additional protection. DEET can be applied to exposed skin and around clothing openings like cuffs and waistbands. Permethrin, a repellent that kills chiggers, should be applied to clothing and allowed to dry before wearing; it should not be applied directly to skin.
Staying on cleared paths and avoiding dense, overgrown vegetation also minimizes contact. After returning from outdoor activities, showering with soap and water immediately can help wash off any unattached chiggers, reducing the likelihood of bites. Washing clothing in hot, soapy water after exposure also helps eliminate any lingering mites.