Buffalo possess hooves, a characteristic shared by all ungulates. Both the American Bison and the Water Buffalo are classified within the order Artiodactyla, the even-toed ungulates. This means their body weight is distributed across an even number of toes, specifically two main toes. This paired-toe structure results in what is commonly called a cloven hoof, distinguishing them from odd-toed ungulates like horses or rhinoceroses.
Anatomy: The Cloven Hoof Structure
The buffalo’s foot is highly specialized, divided precisely down the center, giving it the characteristic cloven appearance. This split is formed by two primary, weight-bearing digits, homologous to the third and fourth fingers in humans. The hoof itself is a hardened casing, or hoof wall, composed of keratin, the tough protein found in human fingernails and hair. This resilient outer layer protects the sensitive internal structures, including the underlying bones and the digital cushion.
The two main sections of the hoof are called claws, separated by the interdigital cleft. Just above the primary claws, near the fetlock joint, are two smaller, non-weight-bearing structures called dewclaws, which are the remnants of the second and fifth digits. While often considered rudimentary, the dewclaws in water buffalo are notably larger than in other cattle and contain two or three bony ossicles. The increased size of these accessory digits suggests they offer a functional advantage in certain environments.
Hoof Function and Terrain Adaptations
The cloven structure is an effective adaptation for managing the buffalo’s massive body weight and navigating varied terrain. When the buffalo places its foot down, the two main claws spread apart, significantly increasing the surface area in contact with the ground. This spreading action is particularly effective for locomotion in soft substrates like mud or snow, preventing the foot from sinking too deeply and providing superior traction.
The ability of the paired claws to tilt and move semi-independently allows the buffalo to grip uneven surfaces. On rocky or sloped ground, this dexterity enables the foot to conform to the terrain, providing a stable foundation and minimizing slip. The dewclaws, though not primary weight-bearers, can contact the ground during fast movement or when sinking in soft ground, further stabilizing the foot and preventing hyperextension. Beyond locomotion, the robust hooves are also utilized for practical purposes, such as scraping away snow to uncover forage or during territorial displays and defense.