Brussels sprouts grow entirely above ground. These vegetables are a cultivar of wild cabbage, scientifically classified as Brassica oleracea (Gemmifera Group), which also includes broccoli, kale, and cauliflower. They form on the plant’s main stem. The plant is a long-season, cool-weather crop, typically grown for a fall or winter harvest to ensure the best flavor.
The Distinctive Growth Pattern
Brussels sprouts develop along a thick, upright central stalk, which can reach a height of two to three feet. The sprouts are lateral buds that form where the leaf stem meets the main stalk. These buds grow in a spiral pattern, starting near the bottom of the stalk and continuing all the way to the top.
The plant features large, leafy foliage that extends outward from the stalk, helping to protect the developing sprouts. As the plant matures, the lower leaves often yellow and are intentionally removed by growers to expose the sprouts to more sunlight and air circulation. This pruning directs the plant’s energy toward enlarging the small buds into the firm, compact sprouts that resemble tiny cabbages.
From Seedling to Harvest
Brussels sprouts require a lengthy growing period, taking between 90 and 180 days from planting to reach full maturity. They are a cool-season crop, thriving in temperatures between 45°F and 75°F, with the highest yields occurring in the 60°F to 65°F range. Exposure to a light frost improves the flavor of the sprouts, transforming starches into sugars and reducing any bitterness.
The sprouts mature sequentially, starting with the ones at the base of the stalk and progressing upward. A typical harvest involves picking the lowest sprouts when they are firm and about one to two inches in diameter. Gardeners can continue to pick individual sprouts for several weeks as they ripen, or commercial methods may involve cutting the growing point off the plant to encourage the sprouts to mature all at once for a single harvest.
Why They Are Sold On the Stalk
Seeing Brussels sprouts still attached to their stalk in the grocery store is a common sight. This method of presentation is primarily used to maintain the freshness of the product. The woody stalk acts as a natural hydration system, continuing to supply moisture and nutrients to the attached sprouts after the plant has been harvested.
Selling them on the stalk offers practical benefits for transport and handling. The stalk provides a sturdy structure that reduces the chances of the individual sprouts being bruised or damaged during shipping. The practice can be more cost-effective for the grower, as it requires less labor compared to individually trimming and packaging each sprout.