Dry mouth, medically termed xerostomia, is a common complaint where the sensation of oral dryness occurs due to a reduced or absent flow of saliva. While not a disease itself, this condition can be a side effect when undergoing orthodontic treatment with braces. Saliva is composed mostly of water, but the remaining proteins and enzymes provide natural protection, lubricating the mouth and neutralizing acids. A sufficient flow of saliva is fundamental for maintaining the health of the oral cavity and its delicate tissues.
Why Braces Cause Mouth Dryness
The presence of orthodontic hardware introduces several changes to the mouth’s environment, contributing to the feeling of dryness. Many patients experience a temporary shift to breathing through their mouth, particularly during sleep or while adjusting to the appliances. This altered breathing pattern causes the rapid evaporation of existing moisture, which is a major contributor to the dry, sticky feeling.
The physical presence of brackets and wires changes the internal topography of the mouth, which affects the natural movement and distribution of saliva. The mouth may initially perceive the foreign material as an irritant or foreign body, which can sometimes lead to a temporary, reflexive decrease in the production rate of saliva. Furthermore, the bulky nature of the appliances can make it slightly harder for the lips to close completely, increasing air exposure to the oral mucosa. This combination of reduced flow and increased evaporation creates the uncomfortable, persistent sensation of xerostomia.
Health Risks of Dry Mouth While Wearing Braces
Dry mouth is a significant concern for orthodontic patients because saliva’s protective effects are diminished, increasing specific risks around the brackets. Saliva is essential for washing away food particles and buffering the acids produced by bacteria. Without this constant cleansing action, plaque and bacteria can accumulate more easily on the tooth surface and around the metal hardware.
This lack of neutralization allows acids to linger, increasing the risk of decalcification, which presents as permanent white spots on the enamel once the braces are removed. Reduced saliva flow also means food debris is not cleared effectively, leading to irritation and inflammation of the gums, known as gingivitis. Additionally, the oral environment becomes favorable for the growth of anaerobic bacteria, which results in persistent halitosis, or bad breath.
Actionable Steps for Managing Dry Mouth
The most straightforward and effective strategy for managing xerostomia is to maintain constant hydration throughout the day. This involves continuously sipping plain water, rather than gulping large amounts, to keep the oral tissues moist. Carrying a dedicated water bottle encourages frequent, small sips, which can help compensate for the lack of natural moisture.
To stimulate the salivary glands, sugar-free chewing gum or lozenges can be used, particularly those containing Xylitol. Xylitol is a sugar substitute that not only encourages saliva production but also provides an anti-cariogenic benefit by inhibiting the growth of decay-causing bacteria. However, consult with your orthodontist about chewing gum, as it can sometimes stick to certain appliances.
Specific over-the-counter products are designed to provide relief and mimic the consistency of natural saliva. Look for moisturizing mouth sprays, gels, or specialized dry mouth rinses that are explicitly labeled as alcohol-free, as alcohol further desiccates oral tissues. These substitutes can be particularly useful just before bed or upon waking.
Environmental adjustments, such as using a humidifier in the bedroom at night, can also reduce the evaporative effects of mouth breathing. The increased moisture in the air helps to keep the oral mucosa from drying out while you sleep. Furthermore, avoiding dehydrating beverages like excessive caffeine and alcohol, as well as salty or spicy foods, will prevent the worsening of dry mouth symptoms.