In North America, two frequently encountered snake species are the black snake (primarily the eastern or western rat snake) and the copperhead. Both are widespread across central and eastern regions, often coexisting in similar environments. A common belief suggests black snakes actively hunt and eliminate copperheads, but their interactions are more nuanced than this popular misconception.
The Truth About Black Snakes and Copperheads
Black rat snakes do not actively hunt or kill copperheads. The eastern kingsnake, a different species that can be solid black, is known to prey on other snakes, including venomous ones like copperheads, and is sometimes confused with the black rat snake. Black rat snakes and copperheads can even share communal dens during colder months for hibernation, indicating no inherent animosity or predatory relationship.
While black rat snakes do not prey on copperheads, their presence can indirectly influence local venomous snake populations. Both species compete for similar prey, primarily rodents, and abundant black rat snakes might reduce food availability for copperheads. This competition could lead copperheads to occupy less favorable habitats, impacting their numbers. The perception of black snakes “keeping away” copperheads is likely rooted in these subtle ecological dynamics rather than direct predation.
Ecological Roles and Habitat Overlap
Black rat snakes are non-venomous constrictors that primarily consume small rodents, birds, and their eggs. They use their climbing abilities to access nests and play a role in natural pest control by managing rodent populations.
Copperheads, in contrast, are venomous pit vipers that employ an ambush predation strategy. Their broad diet includes small rodents, amphibians, and insects. Young copperheads use a brightly colored tail tip to lure small prey. Copperheads also possess heat-sensing pits to detect and strike warm-blooded prey, especially in low light.
Both black rat snakes and copperheads inhabit various environments, including forests, woodlands, and suburban areas. They are often found near human structures like barns or woodpiles, which provide abundant prey. Despite habitat overlap, their distinct hunting strategies and ecological niches reduce direct conflict, allowing them to coexist.
Coexisting with Snakes in Your Environment
Understanding the differences between black rat snakes and copperheads aids safe coexistence. Adult black rat snakes are long, typically 3.5 to 7 feet, with uniform shiny black coloration, a lighter belly, and an oval-shaped head with round pupils. Non-venomous, they may vibrate their tails or release a musky odor when threatened, but rarely bite.
Copperheads are shorter, usually 2 to 3 feet long, identified by their coppery or reddish-brown base color and dark, hourglass-shaped bands. These bands are wider on the sides and narrower across the spine. Copperheads have a triangular head and vertical, slit-like pupils.
If you encounter any snake, observe it from a safe distance and avoid provoking it, as snakes prefer to avoid human interaction. Both species contribute to the ecosystem by controlling rodent populations, highlighting their importance.