Marigolds (Tagetes species) are vibrant annual flowers known for their cheerful yellow, orange, and red blooms that enliven garden spaces. These common plants are also characterized by a distinct, pungent aroma that is easily recognizable. For backyard bird enthusiasts and gardeners, a natural question arises about the interaction between these flowers and local avian life. The relationship between birds and marigolds involves food sources, safety considerations, and ecological benefits.
Marigold Seeds as a Potential Food Source
Marigold seeds offer a viable, though secondary, food source for many wild birds, particularly as the growing season concludes. The flowers must be allowed to fully dry and form seed heads, which typically occurs in late summer and autumn. These small, dark seeds are numerous within the spent flower casings, providing a concentrated food packet.
Many common backyard species, including American Goldfinches, House Finches, and various sparrows, will readily consume these dried seeds. Other ground-foraging birds like Juncos have also been observed scratching beneath the plants to find fallen seeds. While marigold seeds are not the preferred staple like sunflower or thistle, they become a more attractive option when primary food sources dwindle.
The consumption of marigold seeds is often seen as a late-season activity, providing sustenance through the colder months. Some larger birds, such as grackles and crows, will tear apart the orange blooms to access the developing seeds earlier. For the gardener, leaving the dead flower heads standing in the fall makes this food source available to wild populations.
The Repellent Effect and Bird Safety
Marigolds are frequently planted as a natural deterrent due to their chemical composition, but this repellent quality rarely affects birds. The plants produce sulfur-containing compounds, which are a type of terpene, that have insecticidal properties. This aromatic defense mechanism is effective against garden pests like nematodes and certain whiteflies, but most birds do not register this scent as a threat.
The strong aroma of the marigold is generally non-repellent to the majority of avian species. However, the smell can deter certain birds, such as pigeons, from foraging in the immediate vicinity of the plants. This specific deterrence is typically limited to ground-feeding species that might otherwise disturb a planted area.
From a safety perspective, marigolds (Tagetes species) are considered non-toxic and safe for birds. The flowers and petals are listed as edible for pet birds and are sometimes given to domestic poultry for their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant benefits. While the foliage contains the highest concentration of the pungent oils, incidental consumption is not known to cause harm to wild birds.
Indirect Benefits for Backyard Birds
Beyond direct consumption, marigolds contribute to a healthier bird environment through several indirect benefits. The flowers attract various beneficial insects, including hoverflies and ladybugs, which prey on soft-bodied pests. This influx of insect life provides a source of protein for insectivorous birds, especially during nesting season when young chicks require high-protein diets.
The dense growth of marigold plants can also offer valuable shelter for smaller birds. Ground-feeding species find the thick foliage useful for cover while they forage for insects and scattered seeds. This protective layer allows them to feed with a reduced risk of exposure to aerial predators.
The marigold flowers themselves may also serve a unique purpose for some species. Birds like Common Grackles will use the fresh marigold petals in a behavior known as “anting.” This activity involves rubbing the pungent plant material onto their feathers, which is believed to help control or repel feather mites and other external parasites.