Catnip, a plant known for its distinctive aroma, often elicits a range of behaviors in domestic cats, from playful rolling to a state of calm. This common observation leads to curiosity about whether its effects extend to their larger, wild relatives. Understanding catnip’s influence on felines reveals insights into their shared biology and sensory perceptions.
How Catnip Affects Cats
Catnip’s effects on felines stem from nepetalactone, a chemical concentrated in the plant’s leaves and stems. When a cat sniffs catnip, nepetalactone binds to protein receptors in their nasal tissue. This stimulates sensory neurons, sending signals through the olfactory system to the brain.
These signals reach brain regions like the amygdala, which processes emotional responses, and the hypothalamus, involved in behavioral regulation. The reaction mimics natural sex pheromones, leading to behaviors like sniffing, licking, chewing, rubbing their faces and bodies, rolling, and vocalizing. Cats may show hyperactivity or mellowness. Effects typically last 10 to 15 minutes, followed by 30 to 60 minutes of unresponsiveness. Catnip is non-addictive and safe for cats.
Big Cats and Their Catnip Reactions
Many big cat species react to catnip, displaying behaviors similar to domestic cats. Lions and jaguars frequently show strong responses, even at low doses. Leopards, cougars, lynx, bobcats, and servals also react to catnip.
Not all big cat species react with the same intensity, and some may not react at all. For instance, tiger responses vary, with some reacting strongly and others showing little interest, while cheetahs rarely respond. Zoos and wildlife sanctuaries often use catnip for environmental enrichment, providing mental and physical stimulation.
Factors Influencing Catnip Sensitivity
The variability in catnip reactions, across both domestic and big cats, is largely attributed to a genetic component. Sensitivity to catnip is an inherited trait, controlled by specific genes. Cats without this predisposition will not experience nepetalactone’s effects, regardless of exposure.
Approximately 50% to 80% of domestic cats react to catnip. A similar proportion, around 50% to 75%, of certain big cat species, such as lions and jaguars, also respond. Kittens under the age of three to six months typically do not react to catnip, as their sensory systems are still developing. Some older cats may also show a diminished response.