Black bears (Ursus americanus) are native to Pennsylvania and are the only bear species found within the state’s borders. These large mammals are a widespread part of Pennsylvania’s wildlife.
Pennsylvania’s Black Bear Presence
Black bears inhabit large forested areas across over three-quarters of Pennsylvania. While sightings occur in every county, concentrations are highest in northern and western regions, including the Allegheny National Forest, Pocono Mountains, and Appalachian Mountains.
Pennsylvania’s black bear population is robust, estimated at 15,000 to 19,000 bears. This marks a significant increase from 4,000 bears in the 1970s, reflecting successful conservation. Bears prefer diverse forest habitats like mixed hardwood forests, bogs, marshes, and mountainous terrain, which provide ample food and cover. They have also adapted to human expansion and can be found in suburban settings when seeking food.
Understanding Black Bear Behavior
Black bears are powerfully built, measuring 50 to 85 inches long and standing about 30 inches at the shoulder. Adults typically weigh 140 to 400 pounds, though some exceed 800 pounds. Most Pennsylvania bears are black, but some are cinnamon-colored.
As omnivores, black bears eat a wide variety of foods, primarily vegetation. Their diet includes berries, nuts, leaves, grasses, insects, carrion, and small mammals. They are also attracted to human food sources like garbage.
Bears hibernate from mid-November to March or April, with pregnant females denning first. During hibernation, their body temperature does not drastically reduce, allowing them to remain somewhat alert.
Black bears are solitary, except for females with cubs or during the breeding season (early June to mid-July). They have an acute sense of smell and good hearing, but poor vision. While most active at dusk and dawn, bears can become nocturnal to avoid humans. They are agile, running up to 30 mph, climbing trees easily, and swimming well.
Coexisting with Black Bears
As the black bear population and human development increase, encounters are more frequent, making safe coexistence important. Bears are shy and prefer to avoid humans, but they can become habituated to human food sources, increasing conflict likelihood. Bears are drawn to properties by scents from garbage, pet food, bird feeders, and outdoor grills.
To minimize human-bear conflicts, secure all potential food attractants:
Store garbage in bear-resistant containers or indoors until collection day.
Feed pets indoors or remove food immediately after eating.
Take down bird feeders, especially during summer.
Clean outdoor grills thoroughly after each use and dispose of grease properly.
If you encounter a bear, remain calm. Make noise to alert the bear, giving it time to leave. Slowly back away while facing the bear to monitor its reactions and provide space. Avoid running, as bears can outrun humans and may perceive it as a chase.
If a bear approaches or acts aggressively, make yourself appear larger by spreading your arms and making loud noises. While rare, if a black bear attacks, fight back by hitting its face, eyes, and nose.