Bald-faced hornets are a species of social wasp found throughout North America. They are commonly mistaken for true hornets due to their size and aggressive nature, but they are actually a type of yellowjacket. These insects are readily identifiable by their distinctive black and white markings.
The Nature of Their Sting
Bald-faced hornets do sting, and their sting can be quite painful. The venom causes an immediate sharp, burning sensation, often followed by throbbing pain and swelling at the sting site. This discomfort can last for several hours.
Unlike honeybees, bald-faced hornets possess smooth stingers, allowing them to sting multiple times without losing their stinger. The venom can also cause reactions such as itching, irritation, nausea, or vomiting.
When Bald-Faced Hornets Sting
Bald-faced hornets are highly protective of their nests and will sting aggressively if they perceive a threat. They are not inherently aggressive when foraging away from their nest, but their behavior changes significantly when their nest is disturbed. Even an accidental approach within a few feet can provoke a concentrated attack.
These insects are sensitive to vibrations and loud noises, such as those from lawnmowers or leaf blowers, which can agitate them and trigger defensive stinging. If their nest is disturbed, bald-faced hornets will swarm and pursue the perceived threat, sometimes chasing for a considerable distance. They also release a pheromone when stinging, which can attract more hornets to join the defense.
Spotting Bald-Faced Hornets and Their Nests
Bald-faced hornets are identifiable by their black bodies with prominent white or ivory markings. These white markings are particularly noticeable on their face, giving them their “bald-faced” name, and also appear on their thorax and abdomen. They typically measure between 1/2 to 5/8 of an inch long, with queens being slightly larger, reaching up to 3/4 of an inch.
Their nests are distinctive, appearing as large, gray, paper-like structures. These aerial nests are typically spherical or teardrop-shaped and can grow quite large, sometimes reaching up to three feet in height and two feet in diameter. Bald-faced hornets construct these nests from chewed wood fibers mixed with saliva, giving them a paper-like appearance. Nests are commonly found suspended from tree branches, in shrubs, under building eaves, on utility poles, or attached to the sides of structures.
After a Sting and How to Avoid Them
If stung by a bald-faced hornet, immediately move away from the area, as the sting can release pheromones attracting more hornets. Wash the sting site with soap and water to clean and reduce infection risk. Apply a cold compress or ice pack to the sting for 10-minute intervals to help reduce swelling and discomfort. Over-the-counter pain relievers like ibuprofen or acetaminophen can alleviate pain, and antihistamines or hydrocortisone cream may help with itching and inflammation.
Seek immediate medical attention if you experience signs of a severe allergic reaction, such as difficulty breathing, swelling of the face, mouth, or throat, widespread hives, dizziness, rapid pulse, or loss of consciousness. If you have a known severe allergy, use an epinephrine auto-injector and then seek emergency care. Even without an allergy, multiple stings warrant medical consultation.
To avoid bald-faced hornet stings, keep a safe distance from their nests and never attempt to disturb or remove them yourself. Professional pest control services are recommended for nest removal due to the hornets’ aggressive defensive behavior. When outdoors, especially in wooded areas, wear clothing that covers exposed skin and avoid strong perfumes, which can attract insects. Being aware of your surroundings and observing for increased hornet activity or visible nests can help prevent unexpected encounters.