Reports of armadillos in North Carolina have become more frequent, sparking public curiosity about these unique creatures and their expanding range. This growing presence prompts questions about where they came from and how they are adapting to new environments.
Armadillos in North Carolina
Nine-banded armadillos, recognized by their bony, armor-like shells, are present in North Carolina. The first confirmed sighting in the state occurred in Macon County in 2007. Since then, the North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission has received nearly 900 reports across 70 counties between 2007 and 2022.
While sightings have been recorded throughout much of the state, their populations are currently more concentrated in western North Carolina, particularly in counties like Macon, Jackson, Clay, and Buncombe. Observations indicate they are broadening their habitats into more populated areas, including Wake County.
Understanding Their Range Expansion
The nine-banded armadillo, originally native to Central and South America, has steadily expanded its range northward within the United States for over 150 years. Prior to 1850, this species was not found north of the Rio Grande River. Their rapid colonization into the southern U.S. and beyond is much faster than the average rate expected for a mammal.
Several factors contribute to this northward migration. Milder winters, influenced by a changing climate, allow armadillos to survive in areas previously too cold. Armadillos possess very little body fat and struggle to conserve heat, making long periods of cold weather particularly dangerous. They cannot establish stable populations if the average January temperature consistently falls below approximately -2°C (28°F).
Their expansion is also supported by suitable habitat and food sources. Armadillos prefer brushy or forested areas with ample cover, and environments with loose, porous soils that are easy to dig. They require a constant source of water and can thrive in areas receiving at least 38 cm (15 inches) of annual precipitation. As climate conditions in northern regions become more favorable, these areas increasingly offer the necessary resources for armadillo populations to grow.
Coexisting with Armadillos
Armadillos are primarily nocturnal, most active during early evening and early morning hours while foraging. They use their keen sense of smell and strong claws to dig for insects, grubs, and other invertebrates in loose soil and leaf litter. Their diet consists mainly of insects, though they also consume small reptiles, amphibians, bird eggs, and occasionally carrion, making them omnivores.
These animals are prolific diggers, creating shallow holes, typically 1 to 3 inches deep and 3 to 5 inches wide, while foraging. They also construct burrows, which can be up to 7-8 inches wide and extend up to 15 feet deep, for shelter. While generally shy and non-aggressive, armadillos can cause damage to lawns and landscaping due to their digging habits. If startled, they may jump straight up several feet.
Although armadillos can carry the bacterium that causes leprosy, the risk of human transmission is very low, typically requiring direct contact or consumption of undercooked meat. They are not inherently dangerous and usually flee when threatened. Observing armadillos from a distance is recommended, and avoiding direct contact helps ensure both human and animal safety.