While not the primary symptom, nausea can be associated with certain sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), especially when infections are advanced or affect the entire body. Understanding which STDs might cause nausea and why can help individuals recognize potential symptoms and seek appropriate medical attention.
Specific STDs Linked to Nausea
Hepatitis B and C are viral infections primarily targeting the liver, and nausea is a common symptom. In acute hepatitis B, symptoms like nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain can appear 30 to 180 days after exposure, though many have no initial symptoms. For hepatitis C, nausea and vomiting can occur during the acute phase, typically lasting up to six months, and may persist or reappear in chronic cases as the liver experiences damage.
Syphilis, a bacterial infection, can also lead to nausea, particularly during its secondary stage. This stage often develops two to ten weeks after initial infection, manifesting with flu-like symptoms such as nausea, fatigue, and loss of appetite. A reaction called Jarisch-Herxheimer, which can occur after initial treatment, may also include nausea.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) in its acute seroconversion phase, typically one to four weeks after infection, can present with flu-like symptoms, including nausea and vomiting. This initial response occurs as the body’s immune system reacts to the rapidly replicating virus. While nausea is possible, it is not a universal symptom.
How STDs Can Cause Nausea
Nausea linked to STDs often stems from systemic physiological responses. Liver involvement, as seen with hepatitis B and C, directly causes nausea because the liver plays a central role in detoxification and digestion. When inflamed or damaged, its ability to filter toxins can be impaired, leading to a buildup of substances that trigger nausea and vomiting.
An immune response to an infection can also induce nausea. When the body fights a pathogen, it releases immune-signaling molecules like tumor necrosis factor, which can affect brainstem neurons and suppress digestive muscle contractions. This systemic inflammation can result in gastrointestinal discomfort, including nausea and loss of appetite, as the body prioritizes fighting the infection. Neurological effects, particularly those affecting the brainstem, can also cause nausea and vomiting.
Beyond Nausea: Other Symptoms and Next Steps
Nausea is rarely the sole indicator of an STD; it often accompanies a broader range of symptoms. Common co-occurring symptoms include fever, fatigue, muscle aches, and loss of appetite, resembling influenza. Depending on the specific STD, individuals might also experience skin rashes, swollen lymph nodes, or abdominal pain.
For hepatitis, additional symptoms include jaundice (yellowing of the skin or eyes), dark urine, and pale stools due to liver dysfunction. Syphilis may present with a non-itchy rash, particularly on the palms and soles, and sores in the mouth or genital area. Other general STD symptoms can involve unusual genital discharge, painful urination, or sores or bumps in the genital or anal areas.
Given that many STDs can be asymptomatic or present with non-specific symptoms, seeking medical attention for any suspected STD symptom is important. Testing is the only way to confirm an STD diagnosis. Early detection allows for timely treatment, preventing more serious health complications and reducing transmission. Healthcare providers can recommend appropriate tests based on individual risk factors and symptoms.