Raccoons are a familiar sight in many urban and suburban environments across North America, often coexisting with human populations. Their presence can raise concerns about rabies transmission. Understanding rabies in these animals helps clarify misconceptions and promotes safety.
Prevalence of Rabies in Raccoon Populations
Raccoons are a significant reservoir for rabies in North America. A widespread epizootic of raccoon rabies has spread throughout the eastern United States, making the virus regularly present in populations in the mid-Atlantic and northeastern regions.
In areas where raccoons are a primary host, about 10% of raccoons with human or pet contact are found to be rabid, making them a primary rabies risk among U.S. wildlife. While rabid raccoons are infrequently reported outside the eastern U.S., their high densities in urban and suburban settings in these endemic areas contribute to public health concerns. Wild animals, including raccoons, bats, skunks, and foxes, account for over 90% of reported U.S. rabies cases, with raccoons accounting for about 29% of these wildlife cases.
How Rabies Transmits
Rabies is a viral disease attacking the central nervous system in mammals. It primarily spreads through direct contact with an infected animal’s saliva, typically via a bite. The virus enters the new host’s body through the open wound.
It can also spread if infected saliva enters mucous membranes, such as the eyes, nose, or mouth, or contaminates an existing open wound or scratch. Once the virus enters the body, it travels along the nerves to the brain. It is important to note that casual contact, such as touching a raccoon’s fur, does not typically transmit the virus.
Recognizing Rabid Raccoons
Rabid raccoons often show changes in behavior and physical condition. While raccoons are nocturnal, seeing one active during the day does not automatically mean it is rabid; however, it warrants caution if other unusual behaviors are present.
Signs include a notable lack of fear of humans or unusual friendliness, as healthy raccoons are typically wary of people. Aggression, such as unprovoked attacks on people or pets, is also a warning sign.
Physical symptoms include excessive drooling or foaming at the mouth, paralysis, particularly in the hind legs, or making strange, high-pitched noises.
What to Do After a Raccoon Encounter
If a raccoon bites or scratches you, immediate action is necessary. Thoroughly wash the wound with soap and warm water for at least 15 minutes. After cleaning, apply an antiseptic solution to the affected area.
Seek immediate medical attention for post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP). PEP involves human rabies immune globulin (HRIG) and a series of rabies vaccinations. HRIG provides immediate, short-term protection and is injected into and around the wound site. The vaccine series consists of four doses given over 14 days for unvaccinated individuals.
If a pet has been exposed to a raccoon, contact a veterinarian immediately; unvaccinated pets may need to be euthanized to prevent disease spread. If you observe a suspect raccoon, maintain a safe distance and contact your local animal control or health department; do not approach or handle the animal.
Preventing Rabies Exposure
Protecting against rabies exposure from raccoons involves proactive measures. Vaccinating pets, including dogs, cats, and ferrets, is a primary defense, often a legal requirement, and helps create a barrier against the disease entering households. Puppies typically receive their first rabies vaccine between 12 to 16 weeks of age, followed by a booster one year later, and then every three years.
Preventing raccoons from being attracted to your property is also important. Secure garbage cans with locked lids or bungee cords and avoid leaving pet food or birdseed outdoors.
Sealing openings in your home’s siding, screens, or chimneys can prevent raccoons from seeking shelter inside. Educating children not to approach or touch wild animals minimizes exposure risk.