Acrylic nails are a popular cosmetic enhancement, offering length and strength to natural nails. However, concerns frequently arise regarding their potential link to serious health issues, including cancer. This article aims to explore the scientific understanding of chemicals found in acrylic nail products and their associated health considerations, providing an evidence-based perspective on these common public concerns.
Key Chemical Components
Acrylic nail systems combine a liquid monomer and a powdered polymer to create a durable layer. The primary chemical compounds in the liquid component are often methacrylates, such as ethyl methacrylate (EMA) and, less commonly, methyl methacrylate (MMA). EMA is widely used in professional nail products, forming a strong, hard polymer when mixed with the powder. MMA, while also a methacrylate, is generally avoided in legitimate nail products due to its strength and potential for adverse health effects, though it may still be found in some products due to its lower cost.
Beyond methacrylates, other chemicals can be present in acrylic nail products. Formaldehyde, a known carcinogen, is sometimes included as a hardening agent or preservative. Toluene, a solvent, and phthalates, used as plasticizers, are also found in some formulations. These volatile organic substances maintain the liquid consistency of polishes and contribute to chemical exposure.
Exposure Considerations
Individuals can encounter chemicals from acrylic nail products primarily through two routes: inhalation and skin contact. Both clients and nail technicians are exposed to volatile organic compounds that evaporate into the air during the application and curing processes. Technicians, due to their prolonged and frequent interaction with these products, face a higher potential for exposure.
Inhalation of fumes, especially those containing methacrylates and solvents, can lead to respiratory irritation. Skin contact with uncured liquid products can result in irritation or allergic reactions. Chemicals can also be absorbed through the skin, particularly if the skin’s natural oils are removed by solvents. Nail dust generated during filing can also be inhaled or come into contact with the skin.
Current Scientific Consensus
The scientific community has extensively studied the health implications of chemicals found in nail products. While certain chemicals like formaldehyde are recognized carcinogens, a direct and strong link between typical client use of acrylic nails and cancer has not been established. Major health organizations and scientific studies indicate that the risk of cancer from the chemicals in acrylic nails for occasional users is considered low.
However, the situation differs for nail technicians who experience high, chronic occupational exposure. Studies suggest that long-term nail salon employees may have an increased risk of certain cancers, including those of the nose, throat, skin, blood, or lymphatic system. Some research indicates an increased risk of colorectal cancer in workers highly exposed to methyl methacrylate and ethyl acrylate in industrial settings. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has classified some acrylates, such as ethyl acrylate, as possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B). However, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) generally considers methyl methacrylate not likely to be carcinogenic to humans.
UV light used to cure some nail enhancements is distinct from the chemicals in acrylics. UV lamps emit UVA radiation, which causes skin aging and increases skin cancer risk. While the risk from typical UV nail lamp use is low, prolonged and frequent exposure can contribute to skin cancer risk on the hands.
Safety Practices
Minimizing risks associated with acrylic nails involves steps for both clients and technicians. Proper ventilation in nail salons is important, as it reduces airborne chemicals. Salons should have general ventilation and, ideally, local exhaust systems at each manicure station to capture and vent fumes.
Nail technicians can protect themselves by wearing personal protective equipment (PPE), such as nitrile gloves for skin absorption and masks for inhalation. Avoiding skin contact with uncured products is important to prevent irritation and sensitization. Clients can choose licensed professionals who adhere to safety standards and prioritize good ventilation and hygiene.