Concerns about sex during pregnancy are common. For most low-risk, uncomplicated pregnancies, sex is generally safe for both the pregnant individual and the developing fetus. The uterus and amniotic fluid provide a protective environment for the baby. This article focuses on situations where sex during pregnancy might pose disadvantages or risks.
When Sex Is Medically Unsafe
Sex can be medically unsafe in certain pregnancy conditions, requiring a healthcare provider’s advice to abstain. Placenta previa, where the placenta partially or completely covers the cervix, is one such condition. Engaging in sex with placenta previa can trigger bleeding, which may range from spotting to severe hemorrhage. Healthcare providers often recommend avoiding activities that could irritate the cervix or cause contractions.
Preterm Labor and Cervical Insufficiency
A history of preterm labor or a multiple pregnancy, such as twins, might lead to a recommendation against intercourse. While sexual activity is not a cause of preterm labor in healthy pregnancies, medical professionals may advise caution in those with specific risk factors.
Cervical insufficiency, or an incompetent cervix, is another concern, where the cervix begins to open too early without painful contractions. This can increase the risk of preterm birth or miscarriage, leading doctors to suggest limiting or avoiding sexual activity.
If the amniotic sac has ruptured (a person’s “water breaking”), sex is medically unsafe. Once the membranes are no longer intact, the protective barrier around the fetus is compromised. This significantly increases the risk of infection ascending into the uterus, which could harm the baby.
Common Physical Discomforts
Beyond medical risks, physical discomforts can make sex during pregnancy less enjoyable. Increased blood flow to the pelvic region and breasts can lead to heightened sensitivity or tenderness, making certain touches or positions uncomfortable.
As the pregnancy progresses and the belly grows, finding comfortable sexual positions may become challenging. Changes in hormonal levels can also influence a person’s desire for sex, leading to fluctuations in libido throughout the pregnancy.
Following orgasm, it is common to experience mild, temporary uterine contractions, known as Braxton Hicks contractions. These “practice” contractions are normal and not a sign of true labor, though they can cause a tightening sensation in the abdomen. These contractions can be triggered by the release of oxytocin during orgasm or by prostaglandins found in semen.
Risk of Sexually Transmitted Infections
Contracting a new sexually transmitted infection (STI) during pregnancy presents a disadvantage due to potential harm to the developing fetus. Pathogens from STIs can be transmitted from the pregnant individual to the baby during gestation, labor, or birth.
Such transmission can lead to various complications for the newborn, including preterm birth, low birth weight, and serious health problems affecting the eyes, lungs, liver, or even brain damage, depending on the specific infection.
The risk is not associated with the physical act of sex, but rather the potential for pathogen transmission between partners. Therefore, if not in a long-term, mutually monogamous relationship where both partners are tested and STI-free, using barrier methods like condoms is recommended.
Consistent and proper use of latex condoms can be over 90% effective in preventing the transmission of many STIs, protecting both the pregnant individual and the baby.