Dengue is a viral infection and mosquito-borne illness prevalent in tropical and subtropical regions, with India experiencing a significant burden. Understanding its symptoms, treatment, and prevention is important for public health.
Dengue’s Presence in India
Dengue is transmitted primarily through the bite of infected female Aedes aegypti and, less commonly, Aedes albopictus mosquitoes, both common in India. These day-biting insects are active during daylight hours, especially in the early morning and late afternoon. The virus spreads as infected mosquitoes bite people, continuing the transmission cycle.
Dengue prevalence in India is influenced by environmental and demographic factors. India’s tropical climate, with warm temperatures and high humidity, provides an ideal environment for mosquito breeding. The monsoon season (June to September) significantly increases mosquito populations due to widespread water accumulation, creating numerous breeding sites.
Rapid urbanization and high population density also contribute to dengue’s spread. Crowded living conditions and inadequate waste management can lead to increased stagnant water collection around homes and public spaces. These conditions facilitate Aedes mosquito proliferation, leading to cyclical outbreaks, often peaking after monsoon rains.
Identifying and Treating Dengue
Dengue fever typically manifests with a sudden onset of symptoms 4 to 10 days after a mosquito bite. Common signs include a high fever (often 104°F/40°C), severe headache, pain behind the eyes, and intense joint and muscle aches, sometimes called “breakbone fever.” A characteristic skin rash, nausea, and vomiting may also develop.
While many cases are mild, some individuals develop severe dengue, a more serious form that can lead to complications. Warning signs often appear 3 to 7 days after symptom onset, as fever subsides. These include severe abdominal pain, persistent vomiting, rapid breathing, bleeding from gums or nose, fatigue, restlessness, and blood in vomit or stool. Prompt medical attention is necessary if these signs emerge.
Diagnosis of dengue involves blood tests that detect the virus or antibodies. These tests help confirm dengue and differentiate it from other febrile illnesses. Treatment for dengue is largely supportive, focusing on managing symptoms and preventing complications, as there is no specific antiviral medication.
Rest and adequate hydration are fundamental components of care, often involving oral rehydration solutions or intravenous fluids in severe cases. Pain relievers like acetaminophen (paracetamol) help manage fever and body aches; aspirin and ibuprofen should be avoided due to their potential to increase bleeding risk. Hospitalization may be necessary for individuals who develop warning signs of severe dengue or have underlying health conditions, allowing for close monitoring.
Steps to Prevent Dengue
Preventing dengue primarily involves controlling mosquito populations and minimizing mosquito bites. Personal protective measures include using mosquito repellents containing DEET, picaridin, or oil of lemon eucalyptus on exposed skin. Wearing long-sleeved shirts, long pants, and socks, especially during peak mosquito activity hours, offers a physical barrier against bites.
Inside homes, using mosquito nets, particularly while sleeping, provides protection from biting mosquitoes. Window and door screens help keep mosquitoes out of living spaces. These measures are important in areas with high mosquito density or during outbreak periods.
Environmental control efforts focus on eliminating mosquito breeding sites, which are typically collections of stagnant water. This involves regularly emptying, cleaning, or covering containers that can hold water, such as buckets, flower pots, bird baths, and pet water dishes. Discarding old tires, broken bottles, and other refuse that can collect rainwater is also important. Proper waste management in communities prevents the accumulation of water-holding debris. Community-wide initiatives, such as fogging operations and public awareness campaigns, complement individual efforts by educating residents on identifying and removing breeding sites.