A sinus infection, also known as sinusitis, occurs when the air-filled spaces within the skull become inflamed. These cavities, located behind the forehead, eyes, and cheeks, normally produce mucus that drains into the nasal passages. When these passages become blocked, fluid can accumulate, creating an environment for germ growth. This inflammation can lead to various uncomfortable symptoms.
Symptoms of a Deep Sinus Infection
Deep sinus infections often involve the ethmoid or sphenoid sinuses, located further back in the skull than the more common frontal or maxillary sinuses. Infections in these deeper cavities present with less typical symptoms.
Ethmoid sinus infections may cause pain behind and between the eyes, sometimes with eyelid swelling or tenderness on the sides of the nose. Tearing or a decreased sense of smell may also occur.
When sphenoid sinuses are affected, pain can manifest as intense headaches behind the eyes, at the top of the head, or in the temples. Other indications include earaches, neck pain, or discomfort that worsens when lying down.
Unlike common sinus issues, deep infections may not always present with a stuffy or runny nose. Dizziness, fatigue, or double vision may also occur.
Underlying Causes and Contributing Factors
Deep sinus infections commonly arise from infectious agents, including viruses, bacteria, and less frequently, fungi. Viral infections, such as the common cold, can swell mucous membranes, blocking sinus openings and trapping fluid. This trapped fluid becomes a breeding ground for bacteria, leading to secondary bacterial infection.
Certain anatomical issues also increase susceptibility to these infections. A deviated septum, where the wall between the nostrils is displaced, can obstruct sinus drainage. Nasal polyps, non-cancerous growths in the nasal passages or sinuses, similarly impede natural flow, contributing to chronic inflammation and infection. Uncontrolled allergies can also cause persistent inflammation and swelling, making individuals more prone to sinus blockages and subsequent deep infections.
Diagnosis and Professional Treatment
Diagnosing a deep sinus infection often requires more than a standard physical examination due to the affected sinuses’ location. A healthcare provider might perform a nasal endoscopy, using a thin, flexible tube with a camera to visualize deeper sinus openings and assess for inflammation or blockages. Imaging scans, such as CT or MRI, provide detailed views of the sinus cavities, confirming the infection’s presence and extent within the sphenoid or ethmoid sinuses. These scans identify fluid buildup, tissue thickening, or other structural abnormalities.
Treatment for deep sinus infections involves medical interventions to clear the infection and reduce inflammation. For bacterial infections, prescription antibiotics are commonly prescribed, often for a longer duration than for superficial infections, to ensure complete eradication. Oral or nasal corticosteroids may reduce swelling and improve drainage within the sinus passages. In persistent, recurring, or structurally linked cases, surgical procedures might be considered to improve sinus drainage and remove blockages or abnormalities.
Recognizing Serious Complications
While uncommon, a deep sinus infection can lead to serious complications if it spreads beyond the sinus cavities. It is important to recognize specific signs that necessitate immediate medical attention.
High fever, a severe headache, or a stiff neck can indicate the infection has spread to the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. Changes in mental state, such as confusion or disorientation, also warrant urgent evaluation.
Visual disturbances, including double vision or vision loss, suggest potential optic nerve involvement. Swelling or redness around the eyes, especially if rapidly progressing, could signal a spreading infection. These indications are considered medical emergencies.