COVID-19, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, is a respiratory illness with symptoms ranging from mild to severe. It primarily affects the lungs, potentially leading to complications like pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Monitoring oxygen levels is important for early detection of severe disease progression and to determine when medical intervention is needed.
Monitoring Oxygen Levels at Home
Oxygen saturation (SpO2) indicates the percentage of oxygen carried by red blood cells. A pulse oximeter, a small and portable device, provides a non-invasive way to measure SpO2 at home.
For an accurate reading, ensure your hands are warm and you have rested for at least five minutes. Place the pulse oximeter on your middle or index finger, avoiding nail polish or artificial nails. Keep your hand still and resting on your chest at heart level until the reading stabilizes, which may take up to a minute. For healthy adults, a normal oxygen saturation level ranges from 95% to 100%. Individuals with chronic lung conditions may have a slightly lower baseline, sometimes around 90%, and should consult their doctor for their specific normal range.
When Oxygen Levels Signal Emergency Care
When oxygen levels fall, it indicates the lungs’ inability to adequately oxygenate the blood, a condition called hypoxemia. This can lead to hypoxia, where tissues do not receive enough oxygen. A consistently low oxygen saturation reading indicates a need for immediate medical attention.
An SpO2 reading of 90% or less is a clinical emergency requiring immediate evaluation at an emergency room. Levels between 91% and 94% are concerning and suggest contacting a healthcare provider promptly for urgent assessment. For COVID-19 patients, a drop below 92% should prompt medical consultation. Saturations below 90% are linked to increased illness and death in respiratory patients.
Additional Symptoms Requiring Hospital Care
Beyond oxygen levels, several other COVID-19 symptoms indicate the need for emergency medical attention. These signs suggest the body is struggling to cope with the infection.
Trouble breathing, especially if persistent or worsening, is a significant warning sign. Persistent pain or pressure in the chest also prompts an immediate visit to the emergency department. New confusion or an inability to wake up or stay awake are neurological symptoms signaling a severe turn in the illness. Any bluish discoloration of the lips or face, known as cyanosis, indicates very low oxygen levels and requires immediate emergency care.
Seeking Medical Attention for COVID-19
If you or someone you are caring for needs to go to the hospital for COVID-19, a few preparatory steps can help streamline the process. If possible, call the emergency department ahead of time to inform them of your arrival for suspected or confirmed COVID-19. This allows staff to prepare, including donning appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) and directing you to designated areas for COVID-19 patients.
Upon arrival, expect to be screened for symptoms and possibly directed to a separate waiting area to minimize potential transmission. Medical personnel will evaluate your symptoms, which may include blood tests and X-rays, to assess the severity of your condition. Depending on the assessment, you might be admitted to the hospital for further treatment, which could involve oxygen therapy, or discharged with instructions for home care.