Human Coronavirus NL63 (HCoV-NL63) is a common respiratory virus. It belongs to the Alphacoronavirus genus and is distinct from more severe coronaviruses like SARS-CoV-2, which caused the COVID-19 pandemic. HCoV-NL63 often results in mild to moderate upper respiratory tract illnesses, though it can sometimes lead to more serious conditions.
Symptoms of NL63 Infection
Infection with HCoV-NL63 often causes symptoms similar to a common cold, including a runny nose, cough, sore throat, and fever. While many cases are mild, the virus can lead to more severe lower respiratory tract issues such as bronchiolitis and croup, particularly in vulnerable groups like young children, the elderly, and individuals with weakened immune systems.
A distinctive inspiratory stridor, a harsh, vibrating sound when breathing, is often noted in children with HCoV-NL63, indicating croup. However, HCoV-NL63 can be found in a range of respiratory illnesses, and its specific symptoms can be difficult to isolate due to frequent co-infections with other viruses.
Current Treatment Approaches
There is no specific antiviral treatment or vaccine available for HCoV-NL63 infection. Treatment primarily focuses on managing symptoms and providing supportive care. For mild to moderate infections, symptoms can often be relieved through home care.
Supportive care involves ample rest and good hydration. Over-the-counter medications, such as acetaminophen or ibuprofen, can help alleviate fever and pain. Using a room humidifier or taking a hot shower may also help ease a sore throat and cough. In more severe cases, antiviral treatment might be considered, though specific HCoV-NL63 treatments are not widely established. Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), while FDA-approved for other conditions, has shown potential as an HCoV-NL63 inhibitor in early stages of infection, but it is not specifically approved for this virus.
Prevention and Home Management
Preventing the spread of HCoV-NL63 involves general hygiene practices common to many respiratory viruses. Frequent hand washing with soap and water for at least 20 seconds is recommended to reduce transmission. Avoiding touching the eyes, nose, and mouth with unwashed hands also helps prevent the virus from entering the body.
To protect others, individuals who are sick should stay home and avoid close contact with others. Covering coughs and sneezes with a tissue or the elbow helps contain respiratory droplets, which transmit the virus. Cleaning and disinfecting frequently touched objects and surfaces within the home can also limit viral spread.