Cormorant fishing in China is a traditional method deeply rooted in the country’s past. This practice involves a unique partnership between humans and trained birds, creating a distinctive spectacle on various waterways.
The Practice of Cormorant Fishing
Cormorant fishing involves a carefully orchestrated collaboration between fishermen and their trained cormorants, often great cormorants (Phalacrocorax carbo). Fishermen raise these birds from hatchlings, fostering a strong bond and training them with rewards to cooperate in catching fish and respond to commands.
Fishermen employ simple bamboo boats or rafts, moving quietly across the water, sometimes using lights or agitating the surface to attract fish. Once a cormorant dives and secures a fish, it instinctively returns to the boat. A loose snare near the bird’s throat prevents it from swallowing larger catches, though it can consume smaller fish as a reward. The fisherman then gently retrieves the larger fish from the cormorant’s gullet. A well-trained team can catch several dozen fish in an evening.
Historical and Cultural Significance
The origins of cormorant fishing in China trace back centuries. While an early mention in the Book of Sui (636 CE) describes the practice in Japan, it was established in China by the Song dynasty and became widespread during the Ming dynasty, particularly in southern provinces like Sichuan and areas around the Yangtze River.
This method traditionally served as a primary livelihood for fishing communities, especially in regions like the Li River in Guangxi province and parts of Yunnan, where the Bai people have used it since the 9th century. The practice holds deep cultural symbolism, representing resilience, a connection to ancient traditions, and a harmonious relationship with nature. Its presence on China’s 20 yuan note, beneath the iconic karst hills of the Li River, highlights its place in the national culture.
Cormorant Fishing Today
Today, cormorant fishing has largely transitioned from a widespread commercial fishing practice to primarily a tourist attraction and cultural heritage demonstration. Modern fishing methods and environmental changes, including declining fish populations and increased pollution in waterways, have significantly reduced its economic viability. The traditional lifestyle associated with cormorant fishing is also very demanding, leading to a decline in younger generations continuing the practice.
Despite these challenges, efforts are underway to preserve this unique tradition. In certain areas, like Yangshuo and Dali’s Erhai Lake, the increased interest from tourists provides a new sustainable future for the elderly fishermen who continue to practice this art. Local governments have also recognized its cultural value, with some provincial governments listing cormorant fishing on their intangible cultural heritage lists, allowing for demonstrations in designated waters. This shift ensures the survival of this ancient practice as a living piece of Chinese heritage, offering visitors a glimpse into a human-animal partnership.