Tomatillo plants, with their distinctive papery husks and tangy fruits, are a rewarding garden addition. Though generally resilient, they are susceptible to insect pests that can impact their health and fruit production. Identifying these common invaders and their damage is crucial for a thriving tomatillo harvest, allowing early and effective protection.
Identifying Common Tomatillo Pests
Flea Beetles
Flea beetles are small, 1/16 to 1/8 inch long, with a shiny, dark, sometimes metallic coloration. They jump quickly when disturbed, similar to fleas, which gives them their name. These beetles are typically found on plant leaves and stems.
Aphids
Aphids are soft-bodied, pear-shaped insects, usually 1/16 to 1/8 inch, varying in color (green, black, yellow, reddish-brown). They cluster in dense colonies on new growth, like young leaves and stems. Ants may also be present, protecting aphids for their sugary excretions.
Stink Bugs and Leaffooted Bugs
Stink bugs have distinct shield-shaped bodies, green or brown, sometimes with red, pink, or yellow markings. They are noticeable on plants, often found on fruits or stems. Leaffooted bugs are more elongated, identifiable by flattened, leaf-like sections on their hind legs. Both move deliberately across plant surfaces.
Tomato Hornworms
Tomato hornworms are large caterpillars, up to 4 inches long and as thick as a finger. They are bright green with white V-shaped markings and a distinctive rear “horn” (black, blue, or reddish). These caterpillars are remarkably camouflaged, blending seamlessly with tomatillo foliage, making them difficult to spot despite their size.
Understanding Pest Damage
Each common pest inflicts specific damage on tomatillo plants, leaving distinct visual cues. Flea beetles chew numerous small holes, less than 1/8 inch wide, in leaves, creating a “shot-hole” appearance. This damage can severely impact young seedlings, though mature plants often tolerate some feeding.
Aphids feed by sucking sap, leading to distorted or curled leaves, yellowing, and stunted growth. Their sticky honeydew promotes black sooty mold, which hinders photosynthesis and plant vigor.
Stink bugs and leaffooted bugs damage fruit by piercing and sucking out plant juices. This feeding results in sunken, discolored spots on tomatillo fruits, appearing as dark pinpricks surrounded by a lighter area that yellows as the fruit ripens. Below the surface, damaged tissue becomes corky or pithy.
Tomato hornworms are voracious eaters that rapidly defoliate entire tomatillo plants. They chew large sections of leaves, stems, and sometimes fruit. Large, dark green, pellet-like droppings on leaves below indicate their presence.
Effective Pest Management
Prevention Through Cultural Practices
Proper cultural practices create robust tomatillo plants and an environment less appealing to pests. Adequate spacing, typically 30-36 inches between plants, promotes air circulation, deterring pests and diseases. Consistent moisture and mulch maintain soil moisture and suppress weeds. Incorporating compost enriches soil, fostering healthy, resilient plant growth.
Crop rotation prevents pest buildup in the soil over successive seasons. Removing plant debris and maintaining garden hygiene eliminates overwintering sites and reduces disease carryover. Companion planting, like garlic near tomatillos, can deter aphids with its strong scent.
Organic and Natural Control Solutions
When pests are present, organic and natural methods can effectively manage infestations without harsh chemicals. Hand-picking larger pests like tomato hornworms is effective, especially when done regularly. For smaller insects like aphids, a strong jet of water can dislodge them; their soft bodies make it difficult for them to return.
Insecticidal soaps are effective against soft-bodied insects like aphids by suffocating them. Neem oil, a natural plant-derived insecticide, controls various pests including aphids, flea beetles, and hornworms. Apply both thoroughly, covering top and underside of leaves, preferably in the evening to avoid harming beneficial insects or causing plant burn. Encouraging beneficial insects like ladybugs and lacewings also helps control aphid populations naturally.
When to Consider Chemical Treatments
Chemical treatments for tomatillo pests are generally a last resort. If pest pressure becomes severe and organic methods are insufficient, targeted application of appropriate pesticides may be considered. Select products specifically labeled for tomatillo plants. Always read and follow manufacturer’s instructions regarding application rates, timing, and safety precautions. Understanding potential risks to beneficial insects, the environment, and human health is important before applying any chemical treatment.