The common smooth-hound, Mustelus mustelus, is a fascinating species of shark frequently encountered in coastal waters. Unlike some of its larger, more formidable relatives, this shark is generally considered harmless to humans. It highlights the diversity of shark species and their important roles in marine ecosystems. This houndshark possesses distinct characteristics.
Identifying the Common Smooth-hound
The common smooth-hound is characterized by its slender body, typically ranging from 100 to 150 centimeters in length, though some individuals can reach up to 200 centimeters. It has a smooth, grey-brown back with a white underside, which contributes to its “smooth-hound” name. This coloration helps it blend into its environment, whether it’s the sandy seafloor or murky coastal waters.
A notable feature of this shark is its blunt snout and large, close-set eyes. Its teeth are small and blunt, designed for crushing the shells of crustaceans and mollusks rather than for tearing flesh. Its diet, which does not involve large prey, further underscores its non-threatening nature. It possesses two dorsal fins, an anal fin, paired pectoral and pelvic fins, and a heterocercal tail, all contributing to its stability.
Where They Live and How They Behave
The common smooth-hound inhabits the eastern Atlantic Ocean, extending from the British Isles down to South Africa, and is also found throughout the Mediterranean Sea, Madeira, and the Canary Islands. It primarily resides on continental shelves and upper slopes, typically found at depths between 5 to 50 meters, though it can be observed in waters as deep as 625 meters. This species prefers sandy or muddy bottoms, but can also be found in rocky areas.
Its diet mainly consists of bottom-dwelling invertebrates, with a strong preference for crabs, lobsters, and other crustaceans. They also consume cephalopods and small bony fish. The common smooth-hound is known for its nocturnal foraging habits, actively hunting for prey under the cover of darkness. This species often aggregates in large numbers, sometimes referred to as “packs,” which is why they are called “hounds.”
Conservation and Human Interaction
The common smooth-hound is listed as “Endangered” globally by the IUCN, and “Vulnerable” in Europe. This reflects concerns about its population, impacted by human activities. It is targeted by commercial and recreational fisheries for human consumption, with its meat used fresh, frozen, dried, salted, or smoked.
The liver of the common smooth-hound is also utilized for oil and fishmeal. Despite being fished, this shark poses no danger to humans. Conservation efforts aim to manage fishing pressures and protect their habitats to ensure the long-term survival of this species.