A chemical eye burn occurs when the eye comes into contact with a harmful chemical substance. This injury can result from exposure to various chemicals, from common household products to industrial substances. Any chemical exposure to the eye or eyelid is considered an ophthalmological emergency. Prompt action is necessary to minimize harm and preserve vision.
What to Do Immediately
Immediate and continuous flushing of the affected eye with water or saline is the first aid step following a chemical eye burn. Begin rinsing the eye for at least 15 to 20 minutes. Hold the eyelids open to ensure the water washes away the chemical, directing the flow from the inner corner of the eye to the outer corner. If contact lenses are worn, remove them as soon as possible during flushing.
Use a continuous stream of clean, lukewarm water from a tap, shower, or a dedicated eyewash station. This prolonged irrigation dilutes and washes away the chemical, preventing further damage and restoring the eye’s natural pH balance. Do not attempt to neutralize the chemical with other substances, as this can worsen the injury.
While flushing, seek emergency medical help by contacting local emergency services or proceeding to the nearest emergency room. Continued medical attention is necessary even if the eye feels better after initial flushing. Avoid rubbing the eye, as this can cause additional irritation or spread the chemical.
Understanding Severity and Professional Treatment
The severity of a chemical eye burn depends on the type of chemical involved, its concentration, and the duration of contact. Chemicals are broadly classified as acids, alkalis, or irritants, with alkalis generally causing more severe damage. Alkalis, such as those found in drain cleaners, ammonia, or cement, have a high pH and can penetrate deeper into eye tissues, damaging structures like the cornea and lens. This deep penetration can result in liquefaction necrosis, causing ongoing tissue damage even after the initial exposure.
Acids, found in substances like battery acid or vinegar, have a low pH and cause less severe damage than alkalis by coagulating proteins on the eye’s surface, creating a barrier that limits deeper penetration. However, some strong acids, such as hydrofluoric acid, can be as dangerous as alkalis. Irritants, with a neutral pH, usually cause discomfort but less structural damage.
Common symptoms of a chemical eye burn include pain, redness, a burning sensation, blurry vision, excessive tearing, swelling of the eyelids, and sensitivity to light. Medical professionals will assess the extent of the damage, which can range from mild irritation to severe corneal opacification or even blindness. Assessment involves examining the eye for signs of tissue damage and checking the eye’s pH.
Professional medical care for chemical eye burns includes continued irrigation to remove chemical traces and normalize the eye’s pH. Treatment may involve topical medications, such as antibiotic eye drops to prevent infection, and steroids to reduce inflammation. Pain relief is administered for discomfort. In severe cases, interventions such as surgical procedures may be needed to repair damaged tissues or address complications like glaucoma, corneal perforation, or cataracts.
Preventing Eye Injuries
Preventing chemical eye injuries involves adopting safety measures, especially when handling hazardous substances. Wearing appropriate protective eyewear is a primary step to shield the eyes from splashes or fumes. Safety goggles that seal against the face offer more comprehensive protection than standard safety glasses, particularly when dealing with liquids or fine powders.
Proper handling and storage of chemicals reduces the risk of accidental exposure. Always read product labels carefully to understand hazards and safety precautions. When working with chemicals, avoid sudden movements that could cause splashes. Store all chemical products, including household cleaners, in their original, clearly labeled containers, and secure them out of reach of children and pets.
Maintaining awareness of your surroundings in chemical environments can minimize the risk of injury. This includes understanding the location of emergency eyewash stations or readily accessible water sources. Taking these preventative steps can reduce the likelihood of experiencing a chemical eye burn.