A pulse indicates the rhythmic expansion and contraction of an artery as blood is pumped by the heart, reflecting the efficiency of its pumping action and the health of the circulatory system. Among the various pulse points throughout the body, the carotid pulse in the neck is particularly significant due to its accessibility and direct connection to blood flow to the brain. This pulse offers a quick and straightforward way to gather information about heart function.
Understanding the Carotid Pulse
The carotid pulse is a palpable pulsation from the common carotid arteries in the neck. These major blood vessels supply oxygenated blood to the brain, head, and neck. The rhythmic beat results from blood pushed from the heart into these arteries.
The carotid arterial system includes two common carotid arteries, one on each side of the neck. Each common carotid artery ascends the neck and divides into two main branches: the internal carotid artery, which supplies blood to the brain and eyes, and the external carotid artery, which provides blood to the face, scalp, and other neck structures. The pulse is commonly felt in the area between the windpipe (trachea) and the sternocleidomastoid muscle, a large muscle extending from behind the ear to the collarbone. The most reliable location to feel this pulse is at the level of the cricoid cartilage, a ring-like cartilage found about midway up the neck.
How to Locate and Measure Your Pulse
To locate your carotid pulse, first ensure you are in a calm and comfortable position, such as sitting upright or lying down with your trunk slightly elevated. Place the pads of your index and middle fingers gently on one side of your neck. Avoid using your thumb, as it has its own pulse that could be confused with your own.
Move your fingers into the hollow area between your windpipe and the large sternocleidomastoid muscle on the side of your neck. Apply light, firm pressure until you feel a distinct pulsation. It is important not to press too hard, as this could obstruct blood flow and yield inaccurate readings.
Once you feel the pulse, count the number of beats for a full 60 seconds to determine your heart rate. Alternatively, you can count the beats for 15 seconds and then multiply that number by four to calculate your beats per minute. Consistent practice will help you become more proficient at locating and counting your carotid pulse.
Interpreting Your Carotid Pulse
After measuring, understanding what your carotid pulse indicates involves observing its rate, rhythm, and strength. For most adults, a normal resting heart rate falls within the range of 60 to 100 beats per minute. A lower resting heart rate suggests more efficient heart function and better cardiovascular fitness; for example, well-trained athletes may have resting heart rates closer to 40 beats per minute.
Beyond the numerical rate, pay attention to the pulse’s rhythm, noting whether it feels regular and consistent or irregular with skipped beats or an uneven pattern. The strength or volume of the pulse is also telling; a normal pulse should be easily palpable but not overly strong or weak. A weak or thready pulse can suggest reduced blood flow, while a bounding pulse can indicate a high stroke volume or pressure. Any consistent deviation from the normal rate, an irregular rhythm, or an unusually weak or strong pulse can indicate an underlying issue and requires medical evaluation.
Important Safety Considerations
When checking your carotid pulse, caution is important to prevent adverse effects. Never press too hard or simultaneously on both sides of your neck. Applying excessive pressure or compressing both carotid arteries at once can stimulate the carotid sinus, a specialized area within the artery that helps regulate blood pressure and heart rate.
Stimulating the carotid sinus can lead to a sudden drop in heart rate (bradycardia) or blood pressure (hypotension), which can cause dizziness, lightheadedness, or even fainting. Rarely, self-massage of the carotid artery can lead to complications, including ischemic stroke. If you experience symptoms such as dizziness, chest pain, shortness of breath, or if your pulse feels severely abnormal, seek professional medical advice immediately.