Cannabis intoxication refers to the collection of effects that occur when tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the primary psychoactive compound in cannabis, interacts with the body’s endocannabinoid system. This system is a complex network of receptors and neurotransmitters that helps regulate various physiological and cognitive processes, including mood, memory, and pain sensation. When THC enters the body, it binds to cannabinoid receptors, particularly CB1 receptors found abundantly in the brain, leading to the state commonly known as being “high”.
Signs and Symptoms of Intoxication
Cannabis intoxication manifests through a range of psychological and physical effects, which can vary based on the individual, dosage, and product potency.
Psychological Effects
Psychological effects often include euphoria, a feeling of relaxation, and a sensation of slowed time. Individuals may also experience altered perception of their senses, such as intensified sensory experiences. However, higher doses or individual sensitivities can lead to less desirable effects like anxiety, panic, paranoia, or even temporary confusion and disorientation. Some people might also experience impaired judgment and difficulty concentrating.
Physical Effects
Physical signs of cannabis intoxication frequently involve an increased heart rate, also known as tachycardia, and dry mouth. Red eyes, or conjunctival injection, are another common physical manifestation due to increased blood flow. Coordination can become impaired, affecting motor skills and balance. Additionally, many individuals report an increase in appetite, often referred to as “the munchies”.
Duration and Influencing Factors
The timeline of cannabis intoxication varies significantly depending on the method of consumption, with inhalation and ingestion having distinct onset and duration patterns.
Inhaling cannabis, such as by smoking or vaping, leads to a rapid onset of effects, typically within seconds to a few minutes. The full effects usually peak within 30 minutes, and the overall duration of intoxication for inhaled cannabis generally lasts between 1 to 3 hours.
Ingesting cannabis, like edibles, results in a delayed onset because the THC must first be digested and metabolized by the liver before entering the bloodstream and brain. Effects typically begin 30 minutes to 2 hours after consumption, with full effects peaking around 4 hours. This delayed onset can sometimes lead to accidental overconsumption as individuals may consume more, thinking the initial dose was insufficient. The duration of effects from edibles is considerably longer, lasting from 4 to 12 hours.
Beyond the method of consumption, other factors influence the duration and intensity of intoxication. These include the potency of the THC in the product, the dosage consumed, and individual physiological differences such as metabolism and tolerance. Regular users may develop a tolerance, experiencing less impairment from a given dose compared to occasional users.
Managing an Unpleasant Experience
Experiencing discomfort or anxiety during cannabis intoxication, sometimes referred to as “greening out,” can be unsettling, but there are practical steps to manage these feelings.
Finding a safe and quiet space can help reduce sensory overload and promote relaxation. Focusing on deep, slow breathing exercises can also help to calm the nervous system and alleviate feelings of panic. Staying hydrated by drinking water can help with dry mouth and provide a simple, grounding activity.
Consuming a light snack, particularly one with carbohydrates, may also provide a sense of grounding. Seeking reassurance from a trusted friend can be beneficial, as their presence and calm demeanor can help alleviate anxiety. Distracting yourself with a calming activity, such as listening to familiar music or watching a gentle movie, can shift focus away from uncomfortable sensations.
When to Seek Medical Attention
While most instances of cannabis intoxication resolve without severe medical intervention, certain symptoms warrant immediate professional evaluation to ensure safety.
You should seek medical attention if you experience extreme paranoia or hallucinations, which may indicate a temporary psychotic episode. Symptoms such as persistent chest pain, a racing or irregular heartbeat, or significant difficulty breathing also require immediate medical assessment. Seizures or uncontrollable, severe vomiting are serious signs that necessitate emergency care. Children, older adults, or individuals with pre-existing heart conditions should seek medical attention even for seemingly mild symptoms.
Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome (CHS) is a distinct condition associated with chronic, long-term cannabis use, characterized by recurrent episodes of severe nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. While often relieved temporarily by hot showers, the only known lasting treatment for CHS involves discontinuing cannabis use. If severe vomiting leads to signs of dehydration, such as dizziness or fatigue, or if it prevents keeping down fluids, medical evaluation is necessary.