Oral thrush, also known as candida bucal or oral candidiasis, is a common fungal infection affecting the mouth. It arises from an overgrowth of yeast, which is normally present in small amounts without causing issues. This condition can affect individuals of any age, but is particularly common in infants and older adults.
What is Oral Thrush?
Oral thrush is an infection caused by an overgrowth of a yeast-like fungus called Candida albicans. This fungus normally resides in the mouth and digestive tract without causing problems. However, certain conditions can disrupt the natural balance, leading to Candida overgrowth.
The infection typically manifests within the mouth, appearing on the tongue, inner cheeks, roof of the mouth, tonsils, or back of the throat. It is generally not contagious and is often successfully treated with antifungal medications. While usually a minor issue for those with healthy immune systems, it can become more persistent or severe in individuals with compromised immunity.
Identifying the Signs
Oral thrush often presents with distinct visual signs and discomfort. The most recognizable symptom is the appearance of creamy white or yellow patches on the tongue, inner cheeks, gums, tonsils, or lips. These patches may resemble cottage cheese and are typically raised. When these white patches are scraped away, the underlying tissue may appear red and could bleed slightly.
Beyond the visible patches, individuals might experience uncomfortable sensations. These can include soreness or a burning feeling in the mouth, and a cotton-like sensation. Loss of taste or an unpleasant taste is also common. Difficulty or pain swallowing, and cracks at the corners of the mouth, are also common.
Causes and Risk Factors
Oral thrush develops when the natural balance of microorganisms in the mouth is disturbed, allowing Candida to multiply. Common causes include the use of antibiotics, which can kill beneficial bacteria that normally keep Candida in check. Similarly, inhaled corticosteroid medications, often used for asthma, can contribute to an imbalance, increasing infection risk.
Weakened immune systems are also a significant factor. Conditions like uncontrolled diabetes, HIV, or cancer, and treatments such as chemotherapy and radiation therapy, can suppress the immune response, making individuals more susceptible. Other contributing factors include wearing dentures, particularly if they do not fit properly or are not cleaned regularly. Poor oral hygiene, dry mouth (from medical conditions or medications), and smoking can also lead to Candida overgrowth.
Treatment and Prevention Strategies
Treatment for oral thrush typically involves antifungal medications to control Candida overgrowth. These medications are commonly available as gels or liquids applied directly inside the mouth, usually several times a day for one to two weeks. In some cases, especially for more severe or persistent infections, a doctor might prescribe antifungal tablets or capsules, typically taken once daily.
Prevention focuses on maintaining a healthy oral environment and addressing risk factors. Good oral hygiene, including brushing teeth at least twice daily and flossing regularly, is important. Denture wearers should remove dentures nightly, clean them thoroughly, and ensure they fit correctly. Rinsing the mouth with water after using corticosteroid inhalers helps remove medication residue that might promote fungal growth. Managing chronic health conditions like diabetes and avoiding excessive antiseptic mouthwash use, which can disrupt the mouth’s natural bacterial balance, also contribute to prevention.