Candida is a type of yeast, a single-celled fungus, not a bacterium, despite its name. This fungus naturally resides in and on the human body, typically without causing problems. However, when conditions favor excessive growth, Candida can multiply beyond normal levels, leading to an infection known as candidiasis.
What is Candida?
Candida is a genus of yeasts, with approximately 200 different species identified. Candida albicans is the most common species found in humans and frequently responsible for infections. It commonly resides in the mouth, gastrointestinal tract, and the female genitourinary tract. In a healthy individual, beneficial bacteria within the body work to keep Candida populations balanced, preventing overgrowth. An infection occurs when this delicate balance is disrupted, allowing the yeast to proliferate uncontrollably.
Common Candida Infections
When Candida overgrows, it can manifest as several common infections depending on the body area affected. Oral candidiasis, often called thrush, presents as white patches on the tongue, inner cheeks, roof of the mouth, or throat. These patches can be painful and may cause soreness, a cotton-like feeling in the mouth, or difficulty swallowing. Vaginal candidiasis, widely known as a yeast infection, typically causes vaginal itching, soreness, burning during urination, and a thick, white, cottage cheese-like discharge. While often mild, these infections can sometimes lead to severe redness, swelling, and cracks in the vaginal wall.
Candida can also infect the skin, particularly in warm, moist areas like armpits, groin, or under the breasts. These skin infections, known as cutaneous candidiasis, result in itchy, red rashes, sometimes with small, raised bumps or peeling skin. Nail infections, or candidal paronychia, occur when the yeast accumulates in the nail folds, leading to discoloration, pain, and swelling around the nails. Less commonly, Candida can cause urinary tract infections, typically in older adults or hospitalized individuals, and rarely, invasive infections where the yeast enters the bloodstream and spreads to internal organs.
Factors That Lead to Candida Overgrowth
Several factors can disturb the natural balance of Candida in the body, leading to overgrowth and subsequent infection. Broad-spectrum antibiotics are a significant contributor, as they can kill beneficial bacteria that normally keep Candida in check, allowing the yeast to proliferate without competition. Weakened immune systems, whether due to underlying illnesses like HIV/AIDS or diabetes, or from certain medications such as corticosteroids and chemotherapy, also make individuals more susceptible to candidiasis. Uncontrolled diabetes creates a high-sugar environment in the body, which feeds Candida and promotes its growth.
Hormonal changes can also play a role; for instance, pregnancy and oral contraceptives can alter the body’s environment, making it more favorable for Candida overgrowth. Chronic stress can suppress the immune system and raise blood sugar levels, both contributing to Candida proliferation. Poor hygiene, especially in moist skin folds or areas with medical devices like catheters, can create an ideal breeding ground for the fungus. Diets high in refined carbohydrates and sugars also provide a readily available food source for Candida, encouraging its overgrowth.
Managing and Preventing Candida Overgrowth
Managing existing Candida overgrowth often involves antifungal medications, which can be topical (creams or ointments applied to the skin) or oral, depending on the infection’s location and severity. For some infections, a single dose of medication may be sufficient, while others might require a longer course of treatment. Beyond medication, addressing the underlying causes of overgrowth is a comprehensive approach.
Lifestyle and dietary adjustments are important for both treating and preventing future occurrences. Maintaining good hygiene, especially in warm, moist areas, helps deter fungal growth. Wearing breathable clothing and keeping skin folds dry can reduce the risk of skin infections. Managing underlying health conditions, such as controlled blood sugar levels in individuals with diabetes, can significantly reduce the risk of Candida overgrowth.
Dietary modifications, like reducing refined sugars and carbohydrates, help starve the yeast. Incorporating probiotic-rich foods or supplements can help restore a healthy balance of beneficial gut bacteria, controlling Candida populations. Stress management techniques also support overall immune function, aiding in prevention.