The nasal cavity can experience a condition known as collapse. This condition involves a narrowing or blockage of the air passages, leading to breathing difficulties. Nasal cavity collapse is a recognized medical issue that often responds well to various treatments. This article will explore the nature of nasal cavity collapse, its common causes, how to recognize its symptoms, and the available treatment options.
Understanding Nasal Cavity Collapse
Nasal cavity collapse refers to the physical narrowing of the nasal airway, making it harder for air to flow freely. This narrowing typically occurs in specific regions known as the nasal valves. The nose contains two primary nasal valve areas: the external nasal valve and the internal nasal valve.
The external nasal valve forms the nostril opening, supported by the alar cartilage. The internal nasal valve is located deeper inside the nose, approximately 1 to 1.5 centimeters from the nostril. This area, often considered the narrowest part of the nasal airway, is formed by the nasal septum, the upper lateral cartilage, and the head of the inferior turbinate. When the cartilage or soft tissues in these areas weaken or lose their structural integrity, they can collapse inward, particularly during inhalation, obstructing airflow.
Common Causes of Nasal Cavity Collapse
Several factors can contribute to the weakening or structural issues that lead to nasal cavity collapse. Direct injury to the nose, such as a fracture or significant trauma, can damage the supporting cartilage and bone, resulting in collapse. This type of injury can weaken the nasal valve itself or contribute to a deviated septum.
Previous nasal surgeries, particularly rhinoplasty (nose reshaping surgery) or septoplasty (surgery to correct a deviated septum), are common causes. During these procedures, the removal or manipulation of cartilage and bone can weaken the structural support of the nasal passages, potentially leading to collapse over time. Aging is another contributing factor, as the cartilage in the nose naturally weakens and loses elasticity over time. This natural process can make the nasal structures more susceptible to collapsing inward. Some individuals may also have congenital or genetic predispositions, born with naturally narrow nostrils, weak cartilage, or a deviated septum that increases their risk. Furthermore, vigorous inhalation during activities like exercise or conditions such as sleep apnea can exacerbate or reveal underlying weakness, causing dynamic collapse.
Recognizing the Signs and Symptoms
Identifying nasal cavity collapse often involves recognizing specific breathing difficulties and related sensations. A primary symptom is persistent difficulty breathing through the nose, which might feel like a constant nasal blockage or obstruction even when there is no congestion from a cold or allergies. This sensation may worsen during physical activity or when lying down.
Another indicator can be noisy breathing, particularly during sleep or exertion. This sound, sometimes described as a low-pitched noise similar to nasal congestion or snoring, results from turbulent airflow through the narrowed passages. In some cases, a visible narrowing or caving in of the nostril can be observed, especially when taking a deep breath inward.
Available Treatment Approaches
Treatment for nasal cavity collapse aims to improve airflow and restore structural integrity to the nose. Non-surgical options often provide temporary relief by physically propping open the nasal passages. External nasal strips, which adhere to the outside of the nose, lift the skin and help open the nostrils. Internal nasal dilators, such as nasal cones, are devices inserted into each nostril to gently press the cartilage outward, widening the nasal valve. Some patients also find relief with nasal splints or dissolvable implants that provide internal support.
When non-surgical methods are insufficient, surgical interventions can provide more permanent structural support. One common surgical technique is the use of spreader grafts, which are small pieces of cartilage placed between the nasal septum and the upper lateral cartilages. This widens the internal nasal valve angle, improving airflow and preventing the middle part of the nose from collapsing. Another technique involves alar batten grafts, thin pieces of cartilage used to support the external nasal valve or sidewall, particularly beneficial for dynamic collapse. Additionally, if a deviated septum contributes to the collapse, a septoplasty may be performed to straighten the septum and improve overall nasal breathing. These surgical procedures reinforce the nasal structure, leading to improved breathing.