Gum recession occurs when gum tissue pulls back from the teeth, exposing more of the tooth surface or its root. This common dental issue can lead to increased sensitivity, tooth decay, and potential tooth loss. Once gum tissue has receded, it cannot naturally grow back on its own. However, professional treatments and preventive measures can manage the condition and stop its progression.
Understanding Gum Recession
Gum recession involves the gradual pulling away of gum tissue from the tooth, exposing underlying root surfaces. This creates small gaps or “pockets” between teeth and the gum line, where bacteria can accumulate. Untreated, this can damage supporting tissues and bone, potentially leading to tooth instability or loss.
Multiple factors contribute to gum recession. Aggressive brushing, such as using hard-bristled toothbrushes or excessive force, can wear away gum tissue. Periodontal disease, including gingivitis and periodontitis, is a primary cause, as these bacterial infections destroy gum tissue and supporting bone. Other factors include genetic predisposition, tobacco use, misaligned teeth, and teeth grinding or clenching (bruxism). Hormonal changes and certain medications causing dry mouth can also increase vulnerability.
Why Gums Do Not Grow Back Naturally
The reason gum tissue, once lost, cannot regenerate naturally is due to its specific biological composition and limited regenerative capacity. Unlike some other tissues in the body, such as the epithelial tissue of the skin, gum tissue (gingiva) lacks the cellular mechanisms for self-repair and regrowth. This means the specialized connective tissue forming the gums does not have the inherent ability to reproduce and cover exposed tooth roots. When gum recession occurs, existing gum cells do not multiply to fill the void or reattach to the tooth surface. This biological limitation underscores why professional dental intervention is necessary.
Professional Treatments for Gum Recession
While gum tissue cannot grow back naturally, professional treatments can cover exposed roots, reduce sensitivity, and improve the gum line’s appearance. One common approach is gum graft surgery, which involves transplanting healthy gum tissue from one area to the site of recession. Connective tissue grafts, the most frequent type, involve removing tissue from under a flap at the roof of the mouth and stitching it around the exposed root. Free gingival grafts use tissue directly from the roof of the mouth, often for thin gums needing increased thickness. Pedicle grafts involve partially cutting a gum tissue flap near the affected tooth and moving it over to cover the exposed root, suitable when ample gum tissue is nearby.
A less invasive alternative is the Pinhole Surgical Technique (PST) does not require scalpels or sutures. This procedure involves making a small hole in the gum, then using specialized instruments to gently loosen and reposition existing gum tissue over the exposed tooth root. Collagen materials or membrane strips may be inserted through the pinhole to stabilize the repositioned tissue and encourage healing. This technique is known for its minimal discomfort and quicker recovery compared to traditional grafting.
Other treatments include scaling and root planing, a deep cleaning that removes plaque and tartar from below the gum line and smooths tooth roots to help gums reattach. Dental bonding can also cover exposed tooth roots with a tooth-colored composite resin, improving aesthetics and reducing sensitivity. For significant bone loss, regenerative procedures might involve placing bone graft materials, membranes, or tissue-stimulating proteins to encourage the body to restore lost bone and gum tissue.
Preventing Further Gum Recession
Preventing further gum recession is important, especially once it has begun. A fundamental step involves adopting proper brushing techniques to protect existing gum tissue. Use a soft-bristled toothbrush and brush gently with small, circular motions, holding the brush at a 45-degree angle to the gum line. Avoid aggressive scrubbing or excessive pressure.
Daily flossing is necessary to remove plaque and food debris from between teeth and along the gum line, areas a toothbrush cannot easily reach. Regular dental check-ups and professional cleanings are important, as dentists can identify early recession signs and remove hardened plaque (tartar) that contributes to gum disease.
Addressing underlying issues causing recession is equally important. This includes managing periodontal disease through treatments like scaling and root planing, which remove bacteria from below the gum line. Quitting tobacco use, which significantly impacts gum health, is also beneficial. For individuals who grind or clench their teeth, using a night guard can alleviate pressure contributing to gum recession. Correcting misaligned teeth through orthodontic treatment can also reduce stress on the gums.