A Boil Water Advisory (BWA) is a public health warning issued when tap water is, or could be, contaminated with harmful microorganisms. This notice advises residents to bring all water to a rolling boil before consumption to kill potential pathogens. The question of whether hair washing is safe during this time requires a careful look at the primary risk associated with the advisory.
Primary Risk: The Danger of Accidental Ingestion
Washing your hair under a showerhead is considered a high-risk activity during a BWA because of the difficulty in preventing accidental ingestion. Pathogens found in contaminated water primarily cause illness when they enter the gastrointestinal tract. While the skin itself is an effective barrier against these microbes, the mouth, nose, eyes, and any open wounds provide direct entry points for infection.
Showering creates water spray and mist, increasing the chance of water droplets entering the body. This mist, known as aerosolization, can carry infectious agents that may be inhaled or accidentally swallowed. This concern is especially true for infants, young children, and individuals with compromised immune systems, who are more susceptible to waterborne illnesses. Adults should shower quickly, keep the face out of the water stream, and avoid swallowing any water.
What Contaminants Trigger a Boil Water Advisory?
Boil water advisories are most often issued due to the potential presence of microbial pathogens, which are typically bacteria, viruses, or protozoa. These contaminants usually originate from fecal matter, indicating the water system has been compromised by human or animal waste. Common culprits include bacteria such as Escherichia coli (E. coli), and protozoa like Giardia and Cryptosporidium.
These pathogens cause gastrointestinal distress, leading to symptoms like diarrhea, cramps, and vomiting. Boiling water is the standard mitigation method because bringing water to a full rolling boil for one minute effectively inactivates or kills these microorganisms. However, boiling water addresses biological contamination only; it does not remove chemical contaminants or heavy metals like lead.
Safe Alternatives for Hair and Body Hygiene
Because the risk of accidental ingestion is significant during a thorough hair wash, safe alternatives must be adopted for hygiene during a BWA. The safest option for hair rinsing is to use boiled and cooled water, or bottled water. To prepare boiled water, bring tap water to a rolling boil for one minute, then allow it to cool completely before use to avoid scalding.
For those with long hair, boiling and cooling enough water for a complete wash and rinse cycle can be impractical. In these cases, dry hygiene methods can provide a temporary solution. Dry shampoo absorbs excess oil and cleanses the scalp without requiring any water. Cleansing wipes, which are alcohol-based, can also be used for quick cleaning of the face and body.
Sponge bathing is recommended as a safer alternative to showering, especially for young children and infants. A sponge bath allows for targeted cleaning with minimal water use. The water used can be carefully controlled to ensure it is boiled and cooled, or bottled.
If an adult must shower, they should minimize the time spent under the water. Use a hand-held shower nozzle to avoid the face. Ensure the bathroom is well-ventilated to reduce the inhalation of aerosolized water droplets.