Smelling salts, formally known as ammonia inhalants, are chemical compounds historically used to revive people who have fainted. They typically contain ammonium carbonate and perfume, or are sold as aromatic spirits of ammonia dissolved in water and alcohol. While used for centuries, particularly in the Victorian era, they are now frequently used by athletes as a quick-acting stimulant before high-intensity performance like powerlifting. The central question is whether the routine, daily use of this chemical irritant is a safe or sustainable habit.
How Smelling Salts Work and Immediate Risks
Smelling salts function by releasing ammonia gas, which powerfully irritates the mucous membranes lining the nose and lungs. This irritation triggers a sudden and involuntary inhalation reflex, causing a rapid change in breathing patterns. The primary neurological effect is not on the sense of smell, but on the trigeminal nerve, Cranial Nerve V, which conveys sensation from the face and nasal cavity.
Activating the trigeminal nerve spikes the body’s arousal system, leading to an immediate rush of adrenaline and increased alertness. This physiological response, often described as a “fight-or-flight” mode, provides the temporary cognitive and physical boost many users seek. However, improper use carries distinct acute risks.
Holding the inhalant too close can cause a chemical burn to the sensitive nasal and oral mucosa due to the caustic nature of concentrated ammonia. The powerful inhalation reflex can also cause the head to jerk back involuntarily, posing a serious danger if the user has a suspected head or spinal injury. Experts recommend holding the salts at least 10 to 15 centimeters (about 4 to 6 inches) away from the nose to prevent these dangers.
Risks Associated with Daily Use
The primary concern with daily or frequent use is chronic irritation and damage to the respiratory system. Repeated exposure to ammonia, a toxic substance, can damage the delicate lining of the nasal passages, sinuses, and upper airway. Although smelling salts are generally diluted, frequent use risks long-term issues, including pulmonary congestion and potential permanent lung damage.
Another danger is olfactory fatigue, a condition where the ability to detect the ammonia odor decreases over time. As the user becomes less sensitive, they may unknowingly expose themselves to higher, more dangerous concentrations to achieve the same effect. This practice increases the risk of chemical burns and severe respiratory distress.
Frequent use may also create a psychological reliance or habituation, where the user feels unable to perform tasks or athletic events without the stimulant. While ammonia inhalants are not physically addictive in the traditional sense, depending on them for focus or energy can mask serious underlying medical issues, such as chronic fatigue or low blood pressure. This masking effect is particularly dangerous in sports, as the adrenaline rush can temporarily hide the symptoms of a concussion or other serious injury, delaying necessary medical assessment.
Safe Usage Guidelines and Contraindications
Smelling salts should only be used infrequently, primarily for reviving someone who has fainted, or in highly limited performance scenarios. They are not approved by the FDA as stimulant drugs, and the agency warns against products marketed for daily alertness or energy boosting. If used, the capsule should be crushed and held at the recommended distance of 10 to 15 centimeters from the nostril to minimize the risk of chemical burns.
Individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions, such as asthma or Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), should avoid smelling salts entirely. The irritant effect of the ammonia gas can exacerbate these conditions, potentially leading to airway irritation and difficulty breathing. Smelling salts are also contraindicated if a head, neck, or spinal injury is suspected, as the involuntary head movement could worsen the trauma.