Cannabis edibles offer an alternative consumption method to smoking or vaping. Many individuals seek to understand how these products might interact with their bodies, especially when facing an illness like COVID-19. Understanding potential effects and safety considerations is important for informed choices during compromised health.
Understanding Edibles
Cannabis edibles are food or drink products infused with cannabis extracts, primarily containing tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD). Unlike smoking or vaping, which deliver cannabinoids directly to the bloodstream through the lungs, edibles are ingested and processed through the digestive system. This different route of administration leads to a distinct physiological experience.
Once consumed, THC travels through the gastrointestinal tract to the liver, where it undergoes first-pass metabolism. Here, delta-9 THC converts into 11-hydroxy-THC (11-OH-THC), a more potent compound. This metabolite effectively crosses the blood-brain barrier, contributing to the stronger, more intense effects associated with edibles.
The liver conversion causes a delayed onset of effects, typically 30 to 90 minutes after consumption, with full effects peaking around two to four hours. Effects last significantly longer than inhaled cannabis, often 4 to 12 hours, and sometimes up to 24 hours, depending on dosage, individual metabolism, and stomach contents.
Interactions and Risks with COVID-19
Using cannabis edibles during an illness like COVID-19 introduces several potential interactions and risks. The body is already under stress fighting an infection, and external substances can complicate recovery. Recent research indicates cannabis use, in any form, has been associated with an increased likelihood of hospitalization and intensive care for individuals with COVID-19.
Edibles may affect common COVID-19 symptoms unpredictably. While some seek relief from nausea or pain, intoxicating effects could worsen fatigue, impair judgment, or increase disorientation. High doses can lead to increased sedation, lightheadedness, or dizziness, exacerbating feelings of weakness or instability.
Edibles can interact with over-the-counter and prescription medications for COVID-19 symptoms. Cannabis, particularly THC and CBD, can inhibit liver enzymes like cytochrome P450 (CYP) and UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGT), which metabolize many drugs. This inhibition can lead to higher concentrations of medications like acetaminophen and ibuprofen, potentially increasing side effects, including liver damage. Combining edibles with cough suppressants containing dextromethorphan can also intensify drowsiness, dizziness, and impaired concentration.
Interactions with antiviral medications like Paxlovid are a particular concern, as they also inhibit CYP3A4 enzymes. Concurrent use can significantly increase THC and 11-hydroxy-THC levels in the body. This may result in an exaggerated psychoactive experience, leading to severe effects like intense panic, anxiety, hallucinations, or extreme sedation. The unpredictable potency and delayed onset increase the risk of accidental overconsumption, dangerous when the body is compromised.
Safe Use and Medical Advice
Given the potential interactions and risks, caution is advisable when considering edible use during COVID-19. Effects vary significantly among individuals due to metabolism, body weight, and tolerance. The delayed onset means effects are not immediate, increasing the chance of overconsumption if one doesn’t wait long enough.
If considering edibles, start with a very low dose (2.5 mg THC or less). Wait at least two to four hours for full effects before considering another dose. Clear your schedule and ensure a safe, comfortable environment for the extended duration of effects, which can last up to 12 hours or more. If experiencing severe illness symptoms or taking multiple medications, avoiding cannabis use altogether may be best.
Consult a healthcare professional before using edibles, especially when ill or on other medications. They can provide personalized advice based on your health condition, symptoms, and medication regimen. They can assess potential risks and interactions, offering guidance that prioritizes safety and recovery. This consultation is important due to complex metabolic pathways and limited research on cannabis interactions with common medications.